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障害のある学生の修学支援に関する検討会（第9回）の開催について
from 文部科学省 新着情報
(2023-12-20 14:00)
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Social Norms
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-12-20 12:55)
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[Revised entry by Cristina Bicchieri, Ryan Muldoon, and Alessandro Sontuoso on December 19, 2023.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Social norms, the informal rules that govern behavior in groups and societies, have been extensively studied in the social sciences. Anthropologists have described how social norms function in different cultures (Geertz 1973), sociologists have focused on their social functions and how they motivate people to act (Durkheim 1895 [1982], 1950 [1957]; Parsons 1937; Parsons a Shils 1951; James Coleman 1990; Hechter a Opp 2001), and economists have explored how adherence to norms influences market behavior (Akerlof 1976; Young...
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History of Utilitarianism
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-12-20 11:29)
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History of Utilitarianism The term “utilitarianism” is most-commonly used to refer to an ethical theory or a family of related ethical theories. It is taken to be a form of consequentialism, which is the view that the moral status of an action depends on the kinds of consequences the action produces. Stated this way, consequentialism … Continue reading History of Utilitarianism →
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Phenomenological Approaches to Self-Consciousness
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-12-20 11:24)
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[Revised entry by Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi on December 19, 2023.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
For phenomenologists, the immediate and first-personal givenness of experience is accounted for in terms of a prereflective self-consciousness. In the most basic sense of the term, self-consciousness is not something that comes about the moment one attentively inspects or reflectively introspects one's experiences, or recognizes one's specular image in the mirror, or refers to oneself with the use of the first-person pronoun, or constructs a self-narrative. Rather, these different kinds of...
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文部科学省大臣官房国際課 非常勤職員（時間雇用職員）採用のお知らせ
from 文部科学省 新着情報
(2023-12-20 10:07)
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令和5年度第2回高等学校卒業程度認定試験実施結果について
from 文部科学省 新着情報
(2023-12-20 10:00)
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盛山正仁文部科学大臣記者会見録−予算−（令和5年12月19日）
from 文部科学省 新着情報
(2023-12-19 20:59)
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盛山正仁文部科学大臣記者会見録（令和5年12月19日）
from 文部科学省 新着情報
(2023-12-19 19:29)
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Other Minds
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-12-19 18:22)
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[Revised entry by Anita Avramides on December 19, 2023.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
Textbooks in philosophy often refer to the problem of other minds. At a superficial glance it can look as if there is agreement about what the problem is and how we might address it. But on closer inspection one finds there is little agreement either about the problem or the solution to it. Indeed, there is little agreement about whether there is a problem here at all. What seems clear is that there was a period in philosophy, roughly around the mid-twentieth century, when there was much discussion about other minds. The problem...
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The Church-Turing Thesis
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-12-19 14:26)
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[Revised entry by B. Jack Copeland on December 18, 2023.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, decision-problem.html]
The Church-Turing thesis (or Turing-Church thesis) is a fundamental claim in the theory of computability. It was advanced independently by Church and Turing in the mid 1930s. There are various equivalent formulations of the thesis. A common one is that every effective computation can be carried out by a Turing machine (i.e., by Turing's abstract computing machine, which in its universal form encapsulates the fundamental logical principles of the stored-program all-purpose digital computer). Modern reimaginings of the...
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