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Natural Philosophy in the Renaissance
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-9-19 10:59)
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[Revised entry by Eva Del Soldato on September 18, 2023.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Natural philosophy, as distinguished from metaphysics and mathematics, is traditionally understood to encompass a wide range of subjects which Aristotle included in the physical sciences. According to this classification, natural philosophy is the science of those beings which undergo change and are independent of human beings. This vast field of inquiry was described in Aristotelian treatises such as Physics, On the Heavens, On Generation and Corruption, Meteorology, History of Animals, On the Parts of Animals, On the...
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Kant’s Philosophy of Science
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-9-19 10:36)
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[Revised entry by Eric Watkins and Marius Stan on September 18, 2023.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Kant's philosophy of science has received attention from several different audiences and for a variety of reasons. It is of interest to contemporary philosophers of science because of the way in which Kant attempts to articulate a philosophical framework that places substantive conditions on our scientific knowledge of the world while still respecting the autonomy and diverse claims of particular sciences. Of enduring interest is also his doctrine of laws, including those of scientific theories....
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Normative Theories of Rational Choice: Expected Utility
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-9-19 10:28)
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[Revised entry by R. A. Briggs on September 18, 2023.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
We must often make decisions under conditions of uncertainty. Pursuing a degree in biology may lead to lucrative employment, or to unemployment and crushing debt. A doctor's appointment may result in the early detection and treatment of a disease, or it may be a waste of money. Expected utility theory is an account of how to choose rationally when you are not sure which outcome will result from your acts. Its basic slogan is: choose the act with the highest expected...
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Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-9-19 9:35)
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[Revised entry by Dan Marshall and Brian Weatherson on September 18, 2023.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, non-disjunctive.html]
We have some of our properties purely in virtue of the way we are. (Our mass is an example.) We have other properties in virtue of the way we interact with the world. (Our weight is an example.) The former are the intrinsic properties, the latter are the extrinsic properties. This seems to be an intuitive enough distinction to grasp, and hence the intuitive distinction has made its way into many discussions in philosophy, including discussions in ethics, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, epistemology and philosophy of physics. Unfortunately,...
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Linear Logic
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2023-9-17 7:48)
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[Revised entry by Roberto Di Cosmo and Dale Miller on September 16, 2023.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Linear logic is a refinement of classical and intuitionistic logic. Instead of emphasizing truth, as in classical logic, or proof, as in intuitionistic logic, linear logic emphasizes the role of formulas as resources. To achieve this focus, linear logic does not allow the usual structural rules of contraction and weakening to apply to all formulas but only those formulas marked with certain modals. Linear logic contains a fully involutive negation while maintaining a strong constructive interpretation. Linear logic...
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Oktoberfest: In München starten die Wiesn
from DER SPIEGEL - Schlagzeilen
(2023-9-16 19:02)
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Das Oktoberfest ist offiziell eröffnet: Münchens Oberbürgermeister Reiter hat das erste Fass mit zwei Schlägen angezapft. Die ersten Bilder von der Wiesn 2023.
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Jina Mahsa Amini: Vater offenbar zwischenzeitlich festgesetzt
from DER SPIEGEL - Schlagzeilen
(2023-9-16 18:52)
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Vor einem Jahr starb Jina Mahsa Amini und Irans Regime scheint sich vor einem Wiederaufflammen der Proteste zu fürchten. Aktivisten zufolge haben Mitglieder der Revolutionsgarden nun versucht, ihren Vater einzuschüchtern.
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Thüringen: Staatskanzlei wirft CDU Absprache mit AfD vor
from DER SPIEGEL - Schlagzeilen
(2023-9-16 18:44)
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Im Thüringer Landtag setzte die CDU eine Initiative zur Senkung der Grunderwerbsteuer auch mithilfe der AfD durch. Die Regierung von Ministerpräsident Ramelow spricht von gezielten Absprachen. Laut CDU gab es 0,0 Kontakt.
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Formel 1: Weltverband verwarnt Red Bulls Motorsportberater Helmut Marko für rassistische Aussagen
from DER SPIEGEL - Schlagzeilen
(2023-9-16 18:35)
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Helmut Marko warf dem Red-Bull-Piloten Sergio Pérez Mentalitätsprobleme vor, weil dieser Südamerikaner sei. Dafür ist er nun schriftlich verwarnt worden. Auch die Konkurrenz übt Kritik.
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Oktoberfest: Festzelteöffnen - und verhängen kurz darauf den ersten Einlassstopp
from DER SPIEGEL - Schlagzeilen
(2023-9-16 18:28)
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Am Samstagmorgen sind Tausende Besucher vor der offiziellen Eröffnung auf die Wiesn in München geströmt und standen wenig später mitunter vor verschlossenen Türen. Auch einen Oktoberfest-Patienten gab es schon vor dem ersten Bier.
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