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第85回厚生科学審議会予防接種・ワクチン分科会副反応検討部会、令和４年度第14回薬事・食品衛生審議会薬事
from 厚生労働省新着情報
(2022-10-5 11:00)
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The Normative Status of Logic
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2022-10-5 8:46)
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[Revised entry by Florian Steinberger on October 4, 2022.
Changes to: Bibliography]
We consider it to be a bad thing to be inconsistent. Similarly, we criticize others for failing to appreciate (at least the more obvious) logical consequences of their beliefs. In both cases there is a failure to conform one's attitudes to logical strictures. We generally take agents who fall short of the demands of logic to be rationally defective. This suggests that logic has a normative role to play in our rational economy; it instructs us how we ought or ought not to think or reason. The notion that logic has such a normative...
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The Epistemic Condition for Moral Responsibility
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2022-10-5 8:34)
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[Revised entry by Fernando Rudy-Hiller on October 4, 2022.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Philosophers usually acknowledge two individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for a person to be morally responsible for an action, i.e., susceptible to be praised or blamed for it: a control condition (also called freedom condition) and an epistemic condition (also called knowledge, cognitive, or mental condition). The first condition has to do with whether the agent possessed an adequate degree of control or freedom in performing the action, whereas the second condition is concerned with whether the agent's epistemic...
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Moral Arguments for the Existence of God
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2022-10-5 8:21)
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[Revised entry by C. Stephen Evans and David Baggett on October 4, 2022.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Moral arguments for God's existence form a diverse family of arguments that reason from some feature of morality or the moral life to the existence of God, usually understood as a morally good creator of the universe. Moral arguments are both important and interesting. They are interesting because evaluating their soundness requires attention to practically every important philosophical issue dealt with in metaethics. They are important because of their prominence in popular apologetic arguments for religious belief. Evidence for this...
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個別最適な学びと協働的な学びの一体的な充実に向けた学校教育の在り方に関する特別部会（第2回） 配付資�
from 文部科学省 新着情報
(2022-10-5 0:00)
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令和4年10月31日 第161回南極地域観測統合推進本部総会の開催について
from 文部科学省 新着情報
(2022-10-4 18:30)
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Artifact
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2022-10-4 10:58)
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[Revised entry by Beth Preston on October 3, 2022.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The contemporary world is pervasively artifactual. Even our most mundane, biologically based activities, such as eating, sleeping, and sex, depend on engagement with artifacts. Moreover, many of the plants and animals we encounter on a daily basis qualify as biological artifacts (Sperber 2007). But unlike language - which also pervades human life from top to bottom - artifacts as such are not the subject matter of any well-defined area of philosophical research. This is as much the case today as it has been throughout the history...
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Exploitation
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2022-10-4 10:40)
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[Revised entry by Matt Zwolinski, Benjamin Ferguson, and Alan Wertheimer on October 3, 2022.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
To exploit someone is to take unfair advantage of them. It is to use another person's vulnerability for one's own benefit. Of course, benefitting from another's vulnerability is not always morally wrong - we do not condemn a chess player for exploiting a weakness in his opponent's defence, for instance. But some forms of advantage-taking do seem to be clearly wrong, and it is this normative sense of exploitation that is of primary interest to moral and political philosophers....
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Japanese Confucian Philosophy
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2022-10-4 10:14)
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[Revised entry by John Tucker on October 3, 2022.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
In Japan, Confucianism stands, along with Buddhism, as a major religio-philosophical teaching introduced from the larger Asian cultural arena at the dawn of civilization in Japanese history, roughly the mid-sixth century. Unlike Buddhism which ultimately hailed from India, Confucianism was first and foremost a distinctly Chinese teaching. It spread, however, from Han dynasty China, into Korea, and then later entered Japan via, for the most part, the Korean peninsula. In significant respects, then, Confucianism defines much of the East...
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The Concept of Evil
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2022-10-4 9:50)
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[Revised entry by Todd Calder on October 3, 2022.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Since World War II, moral, political, and legal philosophers have become increasingly interested in the concept of evil. This interest has been partly motivated by ascriptions of 'evil' by laymen, social scientists, journalists, and politicians as they try to understand and respond to various atrocities and horrors, such as genocides, terrorist attacks, mass murders, and tortures and killing sprees by psychopathic serial killers. It seems that we cannot capture the moral significance of these actions and their perpetrators by...
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