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Kant's Views on Space and Time  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-10-11 13:19)

[Revised entry by Andrew Janiak on October 10, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Even a casual reader of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, first published in 1781) will notice the prominence he gives to his discussion of space and time. So the reader will not be surprised to learn that scholars consider this discussion to be central to Kant's so-called critical philosophy. Given Kant's reputation for developing difficult, not to say obscure, philosophical views, it will also not surprise the reader to learn that there is no consensus on how Kant's conception of space and time ought to be...

Scientific Representation  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-10-11 12:42)

[New Entry by Roman Frigg and James Nguyen on October 10, 2016.] Science provides us with representations of atoms, elementary particles, polymers, populations, genetic trees, economies, rational decisions, aeroplanes, earthquakes, forest fires, irrigation systems, and the world's climate. It's through these representations that we learn about the world. This entry explores various different accounts of scientific representation, with a particular focus on how scientific models represent their target systems. As philosophers of science are increasingly...

Russell's Paradox  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-10-10 11:32)

[Revised entry by Andrew David Irvine and Harry Deutsch on October 9, 2016. Changes to: Bibliography] Russell's paradox is the most famous of the logical or set-theoretical paradoxes. Also known as the Russell-Zermelo paradox, the paradox arises within naive set theory by considering the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set appears to be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. Hence the paradox....

Michel Henry  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-10-8 9:46)

[New Entry by Frédéric Seyler on October 7, 2016.] Michel Henry (1922 - 2002) developed a radically revised approach to phenomenology through a critical reading of the phenomenological tradition (especially of Husserl and Heidegger). Henry named his approach "phenomenology of life" and, before that, "material phenomenology" or "radical phenomenology". He was, in part, influenced by the work of Maine de Biran. Perhaps the most characteristic, as well as most controversial, feature of Henry's phenomenology of life is that...

Peter Damian  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-10-7 10:39)

[Revised entry by Toivo J. Holopainen on October 6, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Peter Damian, an eleventh-century monastic leader and Church reformer, has received a modest place in the historiography of early medieval philosophy because of his little tract De divina omnipotentia. In this work, Damian treats two questions related to the limits of divine power: can God restore virginity to a woman who has lost it, and, can God change the past? Damian has often been depicted as a thinker who, in his defense of divine omnipotence, went...

Identity Over Time  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-10-7 10:19)

[Revised entry by Andre Gallois on October 6, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Irving Copi once defined the problem of identity through time by noting that the following two statements both seem true but, on the assumption that there is change, appear to be inconsistent: If a changing thing really changes, there can't literally be one and the same thing before and after the change....

States of Affairs  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-10-7 9:52)

[Revised entry by Mark Textor on October 6, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] Philosophers connect sentences with various different items, such as thoughts, facts and states of affairs. Thoughts are either true or false in an absolute sense, never both or neither. A sentence such as "Socrates is wise" is true (false) in virtue of expressing the true (false) thought that Socrates is wise. Thoughts are also the contents of propositional attitudes like belief and desire. For example, John's belief that Vulcan is a planet is a relation between him and the thought that Vulcan is a planet. Since...

Beauty  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-10-6 10:47)

[Revised entry by Crispin Sartwell on October 5, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] The nature of beauty is one of the most enduring and controversial themes in Western philosophy, and is - with the nature of art - one of the two fundamental issues in philosophical aesthetics. Beauty has traditionally been counted among the ultimate values, with goodness, truth, and justice. It is a primary theme among ancient Greek, Hellenistic, and medieval philosophers, and was central to eighteenth and nineteenth-century thought, as represented in treatments by such thinkers as Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, Burke,...

不登校に関する調査研究協力者会議（第14回）　議事要旨  from 文部科学省　新着情報  (2016-10-5 17:00)

大隅 良典氏のノーベル生理学・医学賞受賞について  from 文部科学省　新着情報  (2016-10-5 17:00)