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Epistemology and Relativism
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-9-6 4:09)
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Epistemology and Relativism Epistemology is, roughly, the philosophical theory of knowledge, its nature and scope. What is the status of epistemological claims? Relativists regard the status of (at least some kinds of) epistemological claims as, in some way, relative that is to say, that the truths which (some kinds of) epistemological claims aspire to are … Continue reading Epistemology and Relativism →
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Dynamic Choice
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-9-3 13:22)
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[Revised entry by Chrisoula Andreou on September 2, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Sometimes a series of choices do not serve one's concerns well even though each choice in the series seems perfectly well suited to serving one's concerns. In such cases, one has a dynamic choice problem. Otherwise put, one has a problem related to the fact that one's choices are spread out over time. There is a growing philosophical literature, which crosses over into psychology and economics, on the obstacles to effective dynamic choice. This literature examines the challenging choice situations and problematic...
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Tu Weiming
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-9-3 11:32)
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Tu Weiming (1940) Tu Weiming (pinyin: Du Weiming) is one of the most famous Chinese Confucian thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. As a prominent member of the third generation of “New Confucians,” Tu stressed the significance of religiosity within Confucianism. Inspired by his teacher Mou Zongsan as well as his decades of study … Continue reading Tu Weiming →
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Thick Concepts
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-9-3 8:25)
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Thick Concepts A term expresses a thick concept if it expresses a specific evaluative concept that is also substantially descriptive. It is a matter of debate how this rough account should be unpacked, but examples can help to convey the basic idea. Thick concepts are often illustrated with virtue concepts like courageous and generous, action … Continue reading Thick Concepts →
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Kant's Social and Political Philosophy
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-9-2 9:03)
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[Revised entry by Frederick Rauscher on September 1, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Kant wrote his social and political philosophy in order to champion the Enlightenment in general and the idea of freedom in particular. His work came within both the natural law and the social contract traditions. Kant held that every rational being had both an innate right to freedom and a duty to enter into a civil condition governed by a social contract in order to realize and preserve that freedom....
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Abner of Burgos
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-9-1 12:41)
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[Revised entry by Shalom Sadik on August 31, 2016.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Abner of Burgos (Alfonso de Valladolid; c. 1260 - 1347) was perhaps the most important philosopher in the stream of Jewish Spanish rabbi-apostates in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the first part of his life, Abner was an Aristotelian Jewish philosopher. However, at the age of 60 (if Pablo de Santa Maria is a reliable source) after years of hesitation, he became a Neo-Platonic Christian, making him one of the very few philosophers (much less philosopher-rabbis) to change his philosophical opinion (and religion)...
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Natural Philosophy in the Renaissance
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-8-31 9:12)
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[Revised entry by Eva Del Soldato on August 30, 2016.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Natural philosophy, as distinguished from metaphysics and mathematics, is traditionally understood to encompass a wide range of subjects which Aristotle included in the physical sciences. According to this classification, natural philosophy is the science of those beings which undergo change and are independent of human beings. This vast field of inquiry was described in Aristotelian treatises such as Physics, On the Heavens, On Generation and Corruption, Meteorology, History of Animals, On the Parts of Animals, On the Generation of Animals, On the Soul (whose Renaissance reception...
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Johannes Sharpe
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-8-31 8:54)
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[Revised entry by Alessandro Conti on August 30, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Johannes Sharpe (ca. 1360 - after 1415) is the most important and original author among the so called "Oxford Realists", a group of thinkers influenced by John Wyclif's logic and ontology. His semantic and metaphysical theories are the culmination of the main preceding traditions of thought, since he developed the new form of realism begun by Wyclif, on the one hand, but was open to many nominalist criticisms of the traditional realist strategies, on the other....
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Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-8-30 10:59)
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[Revised entry by Peter Carruthers on August 29, 2016.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Higher-order theories of consciousness try to explain the distinctive properties of consciousness in terms of some relation obtaining between the conscious state in question and a higher-order representation of some sort (either a higher-order perception of that state, or a higher-order thought or belief about it). The most challenging properties to explain are those involved in phenomenal consciousness - the sort of state that has a subjective dimension, that has 'feel', or that it...
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Phenomenal Intentionality
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-8-30 5:05)
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[New Entry by David Bourget and Angela Mendelovici on August 29, 2016.]
Phenomenal intentionality is a kind of intentionality, or aboutness, that is grounded in phenomenal consciousness, the subjective, experiential feature of certain mental states. The phenomenal intentionality theory (PIT), is a theory of intentionality according to which there is phenomenal intentionality, and all other kinds of intentionality at least partly derive from it. In recent years, PIT has increasingly been seen as one of the main approaches to intentionality. 1. Introduction...
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