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Logic in Classical Indian Philosophy  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-4 13:03)

[Revised entry by Brendan Gillon on August 3, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] The exercise of reasoning and the practice of argument are recorded in the early texts of India. Preoccupation with the nature of reason and argument occurs in the earliest philosophical texts, where their treatment is intimately connected with questions of ontology, epistemology and dialectics. These questions continued to be at the center of philosophical discussion through the classical and medieval period of Indian philosophy. This article will chronicle the answers Indian philosophers gave to these questions during the pre-classical...

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-4 10:58)

[Revised entry by Brian Copenhaver on August 3, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 - 94) is, after Marsilio Ficino, the best known philosopher of the Renaissance: his Oration on the Dignity of Man is better known than any other philosophical text of the fifteenth century. Pico was also remarkably original - indeed, idiosyncratic. The deliberately esoteric and aggressively recondite character of his thought may help explain why Renaissance philosophy has had so small a place, until recently, in the canonical history of the discipline as accepted by Anglophone...

Empirical Approaches to Moral Character  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-4 2:23)

[New Entry by Christian B. Miller on August 3, 2016.] The turn of the century saw a significant increase in the amount of attention being paid by philosophers to empirical issues about moral character. Dating back at least to Plato and Aristotle in the West, and Confucius in the East, philosophers have traditionally drawn on empirical data to some extent in their theorizing about character. One of the main differences in recent years has been the source of this empirical data, namely the work of social and personality psychologists on morally relevant thought and action....

George Herbert Mead  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-3 13:29)

[Revised entry by Mitchell Aboulafia on August 2, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] George Herbert Mead (1863 - 1931), American philosopher and social theorist, is often classed with William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, and John Dewey as one of the most significant figures in classical American pragmatism. Dewey referred to Mead as "a seminal mind of the very first order" (Dewey, 1932, xl). Yet by the middle of the twentieth-century, Mead's prestige was greatest outside of professional philosophical circles. He is considered by many to be the...

Parmenides  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-3 10:03)

[Revised entry by John Palmer on August 2, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Parmenides of Elea, active in the earlier part of the 5th c. BCE, authored a difficult metaphysical poem that has earned him a reputation as early Greek philosophy's most profound and challenging thinker. His philosophical stance has typically been understood as at once extremely paradoxical and yet crucial for the broader development of Greek natural philosophy and metaphysics. He has been seen as a metaphysical monist (of one stripe or another) who so challenged the naive cosmological theories of his predecessors that his major...

Laws of Nature  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-3 9:31)

[Revised entry by John W. Carroll on August 2, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Science includes many principles at least once thought to be laws of nature: Newton's law of gravitation, his three laws of motion, the ideal gas laws, Mendel's laws, the laws of supply and demand, and so on. Other regularities important to science were not thought to have this status. These include regularities that, unlike laws, were (or still are) thought by scientists to stand in need of explanation. These include the regularity of the ocean tides, the perihelion of Mercury's orbit, the photoelectric effect, that...

Schema  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-3 8:57)

[Revised entry by John Corcoran and Idris Samawi Hamid on August 2, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] A schema (plural: schemata, or schemas), also known as a scheme (plural: schemes), is a linguistic "template", "frame", or "pattern" together with a rule for using it to specify a potentially infinite multitude of phrases, sentences, or arguments, which are called instances of the schema. Schemas are used in logic to specify rules of inference, in mathematics to describe theories with infinitely many axioms, and in semantics to give...

Count Paul Yorck von Wartenburg  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-3 8:49)

[Revised entry by Ingo Farin on August 2, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Count Hans Ludwig Paul Yorck von Wartenburg (1835 - 1897) was a German philosopher. He is primarily known for his long collaboration with his friend Wilhelm Dilthey (1833 - 1911) and for his impact on Martin Heidegger (1889 - 1976) and Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900 - 2002). Together with Dilthey, Yorck was the first philosopher to elaborate the specific concept of historicity [Geschichtlichkeit] as a defining characteristic in...

Parenthood and Procreation  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-3 8:24)

[Revised entry by Elizabeth Brake and Joseph Millum on August 2, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] The ethics of parenthood and procreation apply not only to daily acts of decision-making by parents and prospective procreators, but also to law, public policy, and medicine. Two recent social and technological shifts make this topic especially pressing. First, changing family demographics in North America and Europe mean that children are increasingly reared in blended families, by single parents, or by same-sex partners, prompting questions of who should be...

Positive and Negative Liberty  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2016-8-3 8:02)

[Revised entry by Ian Carter on August 2, 2016. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Negative liberty is the absence of obstacles, barriers or constraints. One has negative liberty to the extent that actions are available to one in this negative sense. Positive liberty is the possibility of acting - or the fact of acting - in such a way as to take control of one's life and realize one's fundamental purposes. While negative liberty is usually attributed to individual agents, positive liberty is sometimes attributed to collectivities, or to individuals considered primarily as members of given collectivities....