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RSS/ATOM 記事 (74111)
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Disability: Health, Well-Being, and Personal Relationships
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-19 11:05)
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[New Entry by David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, Jeffrey Blustein, and Daniel Putnam on February 18, 2016.]
In the past 50 years, there has been burgeoning philosophical interest in well-being, health, and personal relationships. There has also been increasing philosophical writing on disability, particularly in relation to justice and equality. Until recently, however, there has been little philosophical discussion of disability's relevance to well-being, health, or personal relationships - in contrast to the growing scholarship on these topics in the social sciences. Until the past decade, most philosophical discussions of well-being simply treated...
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Nicholas of Autrecourt
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-19 10:22)
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[Revised entry by Hans Thijssen on February 18, 2016.
Changes to: Bibliography]
The most striking feature of Autrecourt's academic career is his condemnation in 1347. In almost every history of medieval philosophy, his censure is presented as one of the most important events in fourteenth-century Paris. In the older literature, Autrecourt's views have become linked to allegedly skeptical tendencies in scholastic thought, and have been unduly shadowed by assumptions about their relation to the views of William of Ockham. Over the last two decades,...
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Vienna Circle
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-18 11:20)
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[Revised entry by Thomas Uebel on February 17, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The Vienna Circle was a group of early twentieth-century philosophers who sought to reconceptualize empiricism by means of their interpretation of then recent advances in the physical and formal sciences. Their radically anti-metaphysical stance was supported by an empiricist criterion of meaning and a broadly logicist conception of mathematics. They denied that any principle or claim was synthetic a priori. Moreover, they sought to account for the presuppositions of scientific theories by regimenting such theories...
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Properties
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-18 10:56)
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[Revised entry by Chris Swoyer and Francesco Orilia on February 17, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Properties (also called 'attributes,' 'qualities,' 'features,' 'characteristics,' 'types') are those entities that can be predicated of things or, in other words, attributed to them. Moreover, properties are entities that things are said to bear, possess or exemplify. For example, if we say that that thing over there is an apple and is red, we are presumably attributing the properties red and apple to it, and, if the...
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Race
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-18 10:32)
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[Revised entry by Michael James on February 17, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The concept of race has historically signified the division of humanity into a small number of groups based upon five criteria: (1) Races reflect some type of biological foundation, be it Aristotelian essences or modern genes; (2) This biological foundation generates discrete racial groupings, such that all and only all members of one race share a set of biological characteristics that are not shared by members of other races; (3) This biological foundation is inherited...
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Laozi (Lao-tzu)
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-17 14:46)
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Laozi (Lao-tzu, fl. 6th cn. B.C.E.) Laozi is the name of a legendary Daoist philosopher, the alternate title of the early Chinese text better known in the West as the Daodejing, and the moniker of a deity in the pantheon of organized “religious Daoism” that arose during the later Han dynasty (25-220 C.E.). Laozi is … Continue reading Laozi (Lao-tzu) →
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Daoist Philosophy
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-17 13:21)
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Daoist Philosophy Along with Confucianism, “Daoism” (sometimes called “Taoism“) is one of the two great indigenous philosophical traditions of China. As an English term, Daoism corresponds to both Daojia (“Dao family” or “school of the Dao”), an early Han dynasty (c. 100s B.C.E.) term which describes so-called “philosophical” texts and thinkers such as Laozi and … Continue reading Daoist Philosophy →
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Collapse Theories
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-17 9:31)
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[Revised entry by Giancarlo Ghirardi on February 16, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Quantum mechanics, with its revolutionary implications, has posed innumerable problems to philosophers of science. In particular, it has suggested reconsidering basic concepts such as the existence of a world that is, at least to some extent, independent of the observer, the possibility of getting reliable and objective knowledge about it, and the possibility of taking (under appropriate circumstances) certain properties to be objectively possessed by physical systems. It has also raised many others questions which are well known to those...
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Modal Fictionalism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-14 12:29)
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[Revised entry by Daniel Nolan on February 13, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, supplement2.html]
Questions about necessity (or what has to be, or what cannot be otherwise) and possibility (or what can be, or what could be otherwise) are questions about modality. Fictionalism is an approach to theoretical matters in a given area which treats the claims in that area as being in some sense analogous to fictional claims: claims we do not literally accept at face value, but which we nevertheless think serve some...
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Mereology
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-14 11:53)
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[Revised entry by Achille Varzi on February 13, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
Mereology (from the Greek meros, 'part') is the theory of parthood relations: of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole.[1] Its roots can be traced back to the early days of philosophy, beginning with the Presocratics and continuing throughout the writings of Plato (especially the Parmenides and the Theaetetus), Aristotle (especially the Metaphysics,...
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