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Intuitionistic Type Theory
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-13 11:40)
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[New Entry by Peter Dybjer and Erik Palmgren on February 12, 2016.]
Intuitionistic type theory (also constructive type theory or Martin-Lof type theory) is a formal logical system and philosophical foundation for constructive mathematics. It is a full-scale system which aims to play a similar role for constructive mathematics as Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory does for classical mathematics. It is based on the propositions-as-types...
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Ontological Arguments
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-13 10:15)
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[Revised entry by Graham Oppy on February 12, 2016.
Changes to: Main text]
Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premises which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world - e.g., from reason alone. In other words, ontological arguments are arguments from nothing but analytic, a priori and necessary premises to the conclusion that God exists....
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Questions
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-13 10:12)
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[Revised entry by Charles Cross and Floris Roelofsen on February 12, 2016.
Changes to: Bibliography]
The philosophy of language since Frege has emphasized propositions and declarative sentences, but it is clear that questions and interrogative sentences are just as important. Scientific investigation and explanation proceed in part through the posing and answering of questions, and human-computer interaction is often structured in terms of queries and answers....
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Skepticism in Latin America
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-13 9:12)
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[New Entry by Plínio Junqueira Smith and Otávio Bueno on February 12, 2016.]
This entry examines the development and impact of the study of philosophical skepticism throughout Latin America. It also highlights some significant trends and important contributions made to this venerable tradition by a number of Latin American philosophers. Skepticism is a philosophical activity of investigation characterized by the notion of suspension of judgment. Whereas dogmatists affirm or...
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Al-Farabi's Psychology and Epistemology
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-12 10:40)
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[New Entry by Luis Xavier López-Farjeat on February 11, 2016.]
Abū Nar al-Fārābī (c. 870 - 950), known in the Arabic philosophical tradition as the "Second Master" (al-mu'allim al-thānī) after Aristotle, and Alpharabius/Alfarabi in the Latin West tradition, is one of the major thinkers in the history of Islamic philosophy. He wrote extensively on logic, philosophy of language, metaphysics, natural philosophy, ethics, political philosophy, philosophical psychology and epistemology. His teachings had a strong Aristotelian...
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Rigid Designators
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-12 10:31)
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[Revised entry by Joseph LaPorte on February 11, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, StipIdTrans.html, notes.html]
A rigid designator designates the same object in all possible worlds in which that object exists and never designates anything else. This technical concept in the philosophy of language has critical consequences felt throughout philosophy. In their fullest generality, the consequences are metaphysical and epistemological. Whether a statement's designators are rigid or non-rigid may determine whether it is necessarily true, necessarily false, or contingent. This metaphysical status is sometimes out of accord with what one would...
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Jayarāśi
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-12 10:05)
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[Revised entry by Piotr Balcerowicz on February 11, 2016.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Jayarāśi Bhaa, who most likely flourished between 800 - 840 probably in Southern India, was an Indian philosopher, a sceptic loosely affiliated to the materialist Cārvāka / Lokāyata school of thought, the author of one of most extraordinary philosophical works in India, the Tattvopaplava-siha ('The Lion of the Dissolution of [all] Categories'). His main claim is that it is not possible...
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Neuroethics
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-2-11 10:40)
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[New Entry by Adina Roskies on February 10, 2016.]
Neuroethics is an interdisciplinary research area that focuses on ethical issues raised by our increased and constantly improving understanding of the brain and our ability to monitor and influence it, as well as on ethical issues that emerge from our concomitant deepening understanding of the biological bases of agency and ethical decision-making....
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所得連動返還型奨学金制度有識者会議（第2回） 議事録
from 文部科学省 新着情報
(2016-2-10 17:00)
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法曹養成制度改革連絡協議会（第2回） 配付資料
from 文部科学省 新着情報
(2016-2-10 17:00)
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