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Causal Determinism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-22 12:16)
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[Revised entry by Carl Hoefer on January 21, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, billiard3.jpg, disappearer.jpg, hole-diffeo-new.jpg, space-invader.jpg]
Causal determinism is, roughly speaking, the idea that every event is necessitated by antecedent events and conditions together with the laws of nature. The idea is ancient, but first became subject to clarification and mathematical analysis in the eighteenth century. Determinism is deeply connected with our understanding of the physical sciences and their explanatory ambitions, on the one hand, and with our views about human free action on the other. In both of these general areas there is no agreement over whether determinism is true...
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Justice as a Virtue
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-22 10:22)
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[Revised entry by Mark LeBar and Michael Slote on January 21, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The notion of justice as a virtue began in reference to a trait of individuals, and to some extent remains so, even if today we often conceive the justice of individuals as having some (grounding) reference to social justice. But from the start, the focus on justice as a virtue faced pressures to diffuse, in two different ways. First,“justice as a virtue” is ambiguous as between individual...
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Philosophy in Mexico
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-21 11:16)
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[New Entry by Guillermo Hurtado on January 20, 2016.]
Mexican philosophy has received the influence of different traditions of thought. These sources have been combined and transformed according to the specific problems and circumstances of Mexican life. The result has been a rich and original tradition of thought of over five centuries that, together with Peruvian philosophy, is the oldest of the Americas....
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The History of Feminism: Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-21 11:00)
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[Revised entry by Joan Landes on January 20, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (September 17, 1743 - March 28, 1794) is most often referred to as one of the last philosophes or as an early champion of social science.[1] An inspired proponent of human rights, Condorcet moved from his first achievements in mathematics into public service, with the aim of applying to social and political affairs a scientific model that he termed a "social arithmetic". Through educational and...
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Naturalism in Epistemology
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-20 12:33)
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[Revised entry by Patrick Rysiew on January 19, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, 0]
[Editor's Note: The following new entry by Patrick Rysiew replaces the former entry on this topic by the previous author.] Naturalism in epistemology, as elsewhere, has a long history. But it...
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Medieval Theories of the Syllogism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-20 12:16)
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[Revised entry by Henrik Lagerlund on January 19, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Aristotle's theory of the syllogism played an important role in the Western and Near Eastern intellectual traditions for more than two thousand years, but it was during the Middle Ages that it became the dominant model of correct argumentation. Historically, medieval logic is divided into the old logic (logica vetus), the tradition stretching from Boethius (c. 480 - 525)...
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Proper Functionalism
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-18 10:16)
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Proper Functionalism ‘Proper Functionalism’ refers to a family of epistemological views according to which whether a belief (or some other doxastic state) was formed by way of properly functioning cognitive faculties plays a crucial role in whether it has a certain kind of positive epistemic status (such as being an item of knowledge, or a … Continue reading Proper Functionalism →
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Dynamic Epistemic Logic
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-18 6:16)
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Dynamic Epistemic Logic(draft--do not quote) This article tells the story of the rise of dynamic epistemic logic, which began with epistemic logic, the logic of knowledge, in the 1960s. Then, in the late 1980s, came dynamic epistemic logic, the logic of change of knowledge. Much of it was motivated by puzzles and paradoxes. The number … Continue reading Dynamic Epistemic Logic →
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Madeleine de Scudéry
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-16 11:29)
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[Revised entry by John Conley on January 15, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
A prominent novelist, Madeleine de Scudery (1607 - 1701) composed a series of dialogues dealing with philosophical issues. Primarily ethical in focus, her dialogues examine the virtues and vices proper to the aristocratic society of the period. They also explore questions of moral psychology, in particular the interplay between temperament and free will. In the area of epistemology, Scudery analyzes the problem of certitude and self-knowledge. Theologically, she defends cosmological arguments demonstrating...
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Formal Representations of Belief
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2016-1-12 13:38)
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[Revised entry by Franz Huber on January 11, 2016.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Epistemology is the study of knowledge and justified belief. Belief is thus central to epistemology. It comes in a qualitative form, as when Sophia believes that Vienna is the capital of Austria, and a quantitative form, as when Sophia's degree of belief that Vienna is the capital of Austria is at least twice her degree of belief that tomorrow it will be sunny in Vienna. Formal epistemology, as opposed to mainstream epistemology (Hendricks 2006), is epistemology done in a formal way, that is, by employing tools from logic and mathematics....
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