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The Definition of Lying and Deception  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-26 16:45)

[Revised entry by James Edwin Mahon on December 25, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Questions central to the philosophical discussion of lying to others and other-deception (interpersonal deceiving) may be divided into two kinds. Questions of the first kind are definitional or conceptual. They include the questions of how lying is to be defined, how deceiving is to be defined, and whether lying is always a form of deceiving. Questions of the second kind are normative - more particularly, moral. They include the questions of whether lying and...

Seneca  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-25 14:45)

[Revised entry by Katja Vogt on December 24, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Seneca is a major philosophical figure of the Roman Imperial Period. As a Stoic philosopher writing in Latin, Seneca makes a lasting contribution to Stoicism. He occupies a central place in the literature on Stoicism at the time, and shapes the understanding of Stoic thought that later generations were to have. Seneca's philosophical works played a large role in the revival of Stoic ideas in the Renaissance. Until today, many readers approach Stoic philosophy through Seneca,...

Discourse Representation Theory  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-25 10:16)

[Revised entry by Bart Geurts, David I. Beaver, and Emar Maier on December 24, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] In the early 1980s, Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) was introduced by Hans Kamp as a theoretical framework for dealing with issues in the semantics and pragmatics of anaphora and tense (Kamp 1981); a very similar theory was developed independently by Irene Heim (1982). The distinctive features of DRT, to be discussed below, are that it is a mentalist and representationalist theory of interpretation, and that it is a theory of the interpretation not only of individual sentences but of discourse, as well. In these respects DRT made a clear break with classical formal semantics, which during...

Saint Anselm  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-22 11:05)

[Revised entry by Thomas Williams on December 21, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033 - 1109) was the outstanding Christian philosopher and theologian of the eleventh century. He is best known for the celebrated "ontological argument" for the existence of God in the Proslogion, but his contributions to philosophical theology (and indeed to philosophy more generally) go well beyond the ontological argument. In what follows I examine Anselm's theistic proofs, his conception of the divine nature, and his...

Distributive Justice and Empirical Moral Psychology  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-19 14:25)

[New Entry by Christian B. Miller on December 18, 2015.] Whether and to what extent people are motivated by considerations of justice is a central topic in a number of fields including economics, psychology, and business. The implications of this topic extend broadly, from the psychology of negotiations, to the motives citizens have to pay taxes, to what considerations influence healthcare allocation decisions. Given all the possible topics which could be explored, this essay adopts the following parameters to help narrow the focus:...

Epistemic Utility Arguments for Probabilism  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-18 12:17)

[Revised entry by Richard Pettigrew on December 17, 2015. Changes to: Main text] Our beliefs come in degrees; we believe some more strongly than others. For instance, I believe that the sun will rise tomorrow more strongly than I believe that it will rise every morning for the coming week; and I believe both of these propositions much more strongly than I believe that there will be an earthquake tomorrow in Bristol. We call the strength or the degree of our belief in a proposition our credence in that proposition. Suppose I know that a die is to be rolled, and I believe that it will land on six more strongly than I believe that it will land on an even number. In this case, we...

Theories of the Common Law of Torts  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-18 10:26)

[Revised entry by Jules Coleman, Scott Hershovitz, and Gabriel Mendlow on December 17, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Tort is a branch of private law. The other main branches are contract, property, and restitution (sometimes known as unjust enrichment). Section 1 offers a brief overview of tort law and tort theory. Section 2 discusses economic analysis, which is the historically dominant tort theory and the primary foil for philosophical perspectives on tort law. Section 3 discusses the most influential non-economic tort theories, theories that emphasize such normative...

Feminist Bioethics  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-17 10:35)

[Revised entry by Anne Donchin and Jackie Scully on December 16, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] As feminist scholars and activists turned their attention to the rapidly expanding field of bioethics in the second half of the twentieth century, feminist bioethics began to emerge as a new area of academic interest. Utilizing the resources of feminist philosophy, social theory and related fields, feminists have critiqued and extended the prevailing framework(s) of mainstream bioethics. This article considers feminist criticism of mainstream bioethics, and chronicles the evolution and growth of feminist bioethics, considering the areas of scholarship and activism that have informed it; its...

Decision Theory  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-17 7:01)

[New Entry by Katie Steele and H. Orri Stefánsson on December 16, 2015.] Decision theory is concerned with the reasoning underlying an agent's choices, whether this is a mundane choice between taking the bus or getting a taxi, or a more far-reaching choice about whether to pursue a demanding political career. (Note that "agent" here standsfor an entity, usually an individual person, that is capable of deliberation and action.) Standard thinking is that what an agent does on any given occasion is completely determined by her beliefs and desires/values, but this is not uncontroversial, as will be noted below. In any case, decision theory is as much a theory of...

Personal Identity and Ethics  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-12-16 11:16)

[Revised entry by David Shoemaker on December 15, 2015. Changes to: Main text] What justifies our holding one person over another morally responsible for a past action? Why am I justified in having a special prudential concern for one particular future person over all others? Why do many of us think that maximizing the good within a single life is perfectly acceptable, but maximizing the good across lives is wrong? For these and other normative questions, it looks like any answer we come up with will have to make essential reference to personal identity. So, for...