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Reliabilist Epistemology
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-12-3 10:52)
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[Revised entry by Alvin Goldman and Robert Beddor on December 2, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
Reliabilism is an approach to epistemology that emphasizes the truth-conduciveness of a belief-forming process, method, or other epistemologically relevant factors. The reliability theme appears in theories of knowledge, of justification, and of evidence. "Reliabilism" is sometimes used broadly to refer to any theory that emphasizes truth-getting or truth indicating properties. More commonly it is used narrowly to refer to process reliabilism about justification. This entry discusses reliabilism in both broad and narrow senses, but concentrates on the theory of...
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Ibn Sina's Metaphysics
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-12-3 9:28)
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[New Entry by Olga Lizzini on December 2, 2015.]
For Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) metaphysics is a science (ilm), i.e., a perfectly rationally established discipline that allows human reason to achieve an authentic understanding of the inner structure of the world. Metaphysics is the science of being qua being and therefore the science that explains every being. In his interpretation, Avicenna fuses the Aristotelian tradition, which he intends to renew (Gutas 2014), with the Neo-Platonic idea of emanation, on which he builds his system: metaphysics thus includes theology, cosmology and angelology,...
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Feminist Perspectives on Objectification
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-12-2 15:01)
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[Revised entry by Evangelia (Lina) Papadaki on December 1, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Objectification is a notion central to feminist theory. It can be roughly defined as the seeing and/or treating a person, usually a woman, as an object. In this entry, the focus is primarily on sexual objectification, objectification occurring in the sexual realm. Martha Nussbaum (1995, 257) has identified seven features that are involved in the idea of treating a person as an object:...
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Psychologism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-12-2 11:00)
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[Revised entry by Martin Kusch on December 1, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Many authors use the term 'psychologism' for what they perceive as the mistake of identifying non-psychological with psychological entities. For instance, philosophers who think that logical laws are not psychological laws would view it as psychologism to identify the two. Other authors use the term in a neutral descriptive or even in a positive sense. 'Psychologism' then refers (approvingly) to positions that apply psychological...
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Medieval Theories of Relations
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-12-1 15:57)
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[Revised entry by Jeffrey Brower on November 30, 2015.
Changes to: Bibliography]
The purpose of this entry is to provide a systematic introduction to medieval views about the nature and ontological status of relations. Given the current state of our knowledge of medieval philosophy, especially with regard to relations, it is not possible to discuss all the nuances of even the best-known medieval philosophers' views. In what follows, therefore, we shall restrict our aim to identifying and describing (a) the main types of position that were developed during...
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Logical Form
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-12-1 12:46)
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[Revised entry by Paul Pietroski on November 30, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Some inferences are impeccable. Examples like (1 - 3) illustrate reasoning that cannot lead from true premises to false conclusions. (1)...
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Karl Marx
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-12-1 11:33)
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[Revised entry by Jonathan Wolff on November 30, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) is best known not as a philosopher but as a revolutionary, whose works inspired the foundation of many communist regimes in the twentieth century. It is hard to think of many who have had as much influence in the creation of the modern world. Trained as a philosopher, Marx turned away from philosophy in his mid-twenties, towards economics and politics. However, in addition to his overtly philosophical early work, his later writings have many points of...
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Friedrich Schlegel
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-12-1 11:18)
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[Revised entry by Allen Speight on November 30, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Friedrich Schlegel (1772 - 1829) is of undisputed importance as a literary critic, but interest in his work among philosophers has until recently tended to be confined to a rather limited circle. However, as scholars have come to reassess in the last several years the philosophical importance of early German Romanticism - both as something of a counter-movement to German Idealism and as a contributing factor within idealism's development - so interest in...
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Touch
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-11-26 10:16)
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[New Entry by Matthew Fulkerson on November 25, 2015.]
The sense of touch is one of the central forms of perceptual experience. Thought to be the first sense to develop, touch occurs across the whole body using a variety of receptors in the skin. It often combines these signals with rich information made available by stretch receptors in the muscles and tendons as we actively move and explore the world. Because of these unique features, touch raises many interesting philosophical issues. Its complex yet fundamental nature makes it a central topic of discussion in debates about the multisensory nature of perception, the relation between perception and...
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Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-11-25 13:29)
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[Revised entry by Mark van Atten on November 24, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, weakcounterex.html]
Dutch mathematician and philosopher who lived from 1881 to 1966. He is traditionally referred to as "L.E.J. Brouwer", with full initials, but was called "Bertus" by his friends....
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