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Causation in Arabic and Islamic Thought
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-27 11:30)
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[New Entry by Kara Richardson on October 26, 2015.]
In the classical period of Arabic and Islamic thought (9th - 12th centuries), original and influential accounts of causation emerged from debate within two intellectual traditions: speculative theology (kalām) and Greek philosophy (falsafah). Among the theologians (mutakallimūn), dispute about the distribution of agency and causal power played a role in the interpretation of revealed accounts of God and his relationship to the world. By contrast, the philosophers (falāsifah) saw themselves as developing a...
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Theodor W. Adorno
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-27 11:04)
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[Revised entry by Lambert Zuidervaart on October 26, 2015.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Theodor W. Adorno was one of the most important philosophers and social critics in Germany after World War II. Although less well known among anglophone philosophers than his contemporary Hans-Georg Gadamer, Adorno had even greater influence on scholars and intellectuals in postwar Germany. In the 1960s he was the most prominent challenger to both Sir Karl Popper's philosophy of science and Martin Heidegger's philosophy of existence. Jurgen Habermas,...
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Suárez, Francisco
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-24 13:34)
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Francisco Suárez (15481617) Sometimes called the "Eminent Doctor" after Paul V’s designation of him as doctor eximius et pius, Francisco Suárez was the leading theological and philosophical light of Spain’s Golden Age, alongside such cultural icons as Miguel de Cervantes, Tomás Luis de Victoria, and El Greco. Although initially rejected on grounds of deficient health … Continue reading Suárez, Francisco →
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Representation, Scientific
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-24 10:02)
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Scientific Representation To many philosophers, our science is intended to represent reality. For example, some philosophers of science would say Newton’s theory of gravity uses the theoretical terms ‘center of mass’ and ‘gravitational force’ in order to represent how a solar system of planets behavesthe changing positions and velocities of the planets but not their … Continue reading Representation, Scientific →
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Nishida Kitarō
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-23 11:11)
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[Revised entry by John C. Maraldo on October 22, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Nishida Kitarō was the most significant and influential Japanese philosopher of the twentieth-century. His work is pathbreaking in several respects: it established in Japan the creative discipline of philosophy as practiced in Europe and the Americas; it enriched that discipline by infusing Anglo-European philosophy with Asian sources of thought; it provided a new basis for philosophical treatments of East Asian Buddhist thought; and it produced novel theories of self and...
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Gouges, Olympe de
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-23 10:05)
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Olympe de Gouges (17481793) “Woman has the right to mount the scaffold; she must equally have the right to mount the rostrum” wrote Olympe de Gouges in 1791 in the best known of her writings The Rights of Woman (often referenced as The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen), two years … Continue reading Gouges, Olympe de →
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Consequentialism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-22 17:26)
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[Revised entry by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong on October 22, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Consequentialism, as its name suggests, is the view that normative properties depend only on consequences. This general approach can be applied at different levels to different normative properties of different kinds of things, but the most prominent example is consequentialism about the moral rightness of acts, which holds that whether an act is morally right depends only on the consequences of that act or of something related to that act, such as the motive behind...
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The Sale of Human Organs
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-22 17:19)
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[Revised entry by Stephen Wilkinson on October 22, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Organ sale - for example, allowing or encouraging consenting adults to become living kidney donors in return for money - has been proposed as a possible solution to the seemingly chronic shortage of organs for transplantation. Many people however regard this idea as abhorrent and argue both that the practice would be unethical and that it should be banned. This entry outlines some of the different possible kinds of organ sale, briefly states the case in favour, and...
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Medieval Theories of Future Contingents
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-22 17:02)
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[Revised entry by Simo Knuuttila on October 22, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The philosophical debate concerning the truth-value of singular statements about future contingents derives from Chapter 9 of Aristotle's treatise De interpretatione (Peri hermeneias). In Chapters 7 - 8, Aristotle deals with the contradictory pairs of assertoric statements which divide truth and falsity so that one is true and the other is false. In Chapter 9 he raises the question of whether this holds for all assertoric...
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Kant: Philosophy of Mind
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-10-22 13:12)
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Kant: Philosophy of Mind Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the most important philosophers of the Enlightenment Period (c. 1650-1800) in Western European history. This encyclopedia article focuses on Kant’s views in the philosophy of mind, which undergird much of his epistemology and metaphysics. In particular, it focuses on metaphysical and epistemological doctrines forming the … Continue reading Kant: Philosophy of Mind →
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