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Fictionalism  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-20 12:39) 
[Revised entry by Matti Eklund on October 19, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] Fictionalism about a region of discourse can provisionally be characterized as the view that claims made within that discourse are not best seen as aiming at literal truth but are better regarded as a sort of 'fiction'. As we will see, this first characterization of fictionalism is in several ways rough. But it is a useful point of departure....
Lvov-Warsaw School  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-19 11:55) 
[Revised entry by Jan Woleński on October 18, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] The Lvov-Warsaw School (LWS) was the most important movement in the history of Polish philosophy. It was established by Kazimierz Twardowski at the end of the 19th century in Lvov, a city at that time belonged to the Austro-HungarianEmpire. The LWS flourished in the years 1918 - 1939. Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, Stanisław Leśniewski, Jan Łukasiewicz and Alfred Tarski are its most famous members. It was an analytical...
The Computational Theory of Mind  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-17 9:28) 
[Revised entry by Michael Rescorla on October 16, 2015. Changes to: 0] [Editor's Note: The following new entry by Michael Rescorla replaces the former entry on this topic by the previous author.] Could a machine think? Could the mind itself be a thinking machine? The computer revolution transformed discussion of these questions, offering our best prospects yet for machines that emulate reasoning,...
Chaos  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-14 9:13) 
[Revised entry by Robert Bishop on October 13, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] The big news about chaos is supposed to be that the smallest of changes in a system can result in very large differences in that system's behavior. The so-called butterfly effect has become one of the most popular images of chaos. The idea is that the flapping of a butterfly's wings in Argentina could cause a tornado in Texas three weeks later. By contrast, in an identical copy of the world sans the Argentinian butterfly, no such storm would have arisen in Texas. The mathematical version of this property is known as sensitive...
Desert  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-10 13:59) 
[Revised entry by Fred Feldman and Brad Skow on October 9, 2015. Changes to: 0] Claims about desert are familiar and frequent in ordinary non-philosophical conversation. We say that a hard-working and productive student deserves a high grade; that a vicious criminal deserves a harsh penalty; that someone who has suffered a series of misfortunes deserves some good luck for a change....
Medieval Theories of Singular Terms  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-10 8:53) 
[Revised entry by E. Jennifer Ashworth on October 9, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] A singular term, such as a proper name or a demonstrative pronoun, is a term that signifies exactly one individual thing. The existence of singular terms raises various questions about how they function within a language. Do proper names have a sense as well as a referent? If they do have a sense, what is it, and how do they acquire it? How is this sense transmitted from one speaker to another? Is a demonstrative pronoun purely referential? If one believes in a language of thought,...
William Crathorn  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-8 10:28) 
[Revised entry by Aurélien Robert on October 7, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] William Crathorn (fl. 1330s), like Adam Wodeham (d. 1358) and Robert Holkot (c. 1290 - 1349), belonged to the first generation of Oxford philosophers after William of Ockham (c. 1285 - 1347), who sought to criticize and developOckham's philosophy. Crathorn is remembered for his theories of language and cognition, and for some anti-skeptical arguments strikingly similar to those found in Descartes' Meditations. The radical ontology of his works is also...
Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-8 10:25) 
[Revised entry by Brian Leiter on October 7, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Nietzsche's moral philosophy is primarily critical in orientation: he attacks morality both for its commitment to untenable descriptive (metaphysical and empirical) claims about human agency, as well as for the deleterious impact of its distinctive norms and values on the flourishing of the highest types of human beings (Nietzsche's "higher men"). His positive ethical views are best understood as combining (i) a kind of consequentialist perfectionism...
Bodily Awareness  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-8 10:17) 
[Revised entry by Frédérique de Vignemont on October 7, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] We are aware of our bodies. I see the world by opening my eyes and in so doing, I feel the motion of my eyelid. I feel that my legs are crossed and that my arm is raising. I feel tired and thirsty. I feel cold. I feelmy teeth begin to chatter. My back itches. The way we relate to our body, including the way we perceive it, control it and affectively react to what happens to it, is unlike the way we relate to other objects....
Supervenience in Ethics  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-10-8 9:34) 
[New Entry by Tristram McPherson on October 7, 2015.] We sometimes think about the ethical significance of merely possible circumstances. People sometimes wonder, for example, if it would have been wrong to break certain promises that they in fact kept. Examples like this do not exhaust the significance of possibility - or modality more generally - in our ethical thinking. Rather, we also seem to be committed to a certain modal structure in our ethical commitments. To see this, consider an example. Suppose that a bank manager wrongfully embezzles his client's money. If we imagine holding fixed how much the bank...



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