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RSS/ATOM 記事 (74111)
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Francis of Marchia
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-25 9:37)
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[Revised entry by Christopher Schabel on September 24, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Francis of Marchia was perhaps the most exciting theologian active at the University of Paris in the quarter century between the Franciscan Peter Auriol (fl. 1318) and the Augustinian Hermit Gregory of Rimini (fl. 1343). He had innovative and often influential ideas in philosophical theology, natural philosophy, metaphysics, and political theory, as much recent scholarship has shown....
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Modal Logic
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-24 15:57)
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Modal Logic (draft: do not quote) Modal notions go beyond the merely true or false, embedding what we say or think in a larger conceptual space referring to what might be or might have been, should be or should have been, or can still come to be. Modal expressions occur in a remarkably wide range … Continue reading Modal Logic →
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Fitness
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-19 13:04)
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[Revised entry by Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard on September 18, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The diversity, complexity, and adaptation of the biological realm is evident. Until Darwin, the best explanation for these three features of the biological was the conclusion of the "argument from design." Darwin's theory of natural selection provides an explanation of all three of these features of the biological realm without adverting to some mysterious designing entity, by explaining the process of "the survival of the...
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Disagreement, Religious
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-18 14:33)
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Religious Disagreement The domain of religious inquiry is characterized by pervasive and seemingly intractable disagreement. Whatever stance one takes on central religious questionsfor example, whether God exists, what the nature of God might be, whether the world has a purpose, whether there is life beyond deathone will stand opposed to a large contingent of highly … Continue reading Disagreement, Religious →
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Max Stirner
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-18 9:42)
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[Revised entry by David Leopold on September 17, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Max Stirner (1806 - 1856) is best known as the author of the idiosyncratic and provocative book entitled Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum (1844). Familiar in English as The Ego and Its Own (a more literal translation would be The Unique Individual and his Property), both the form and content of Stirner's work are disconcerting. He challenges expectations about how political and philosophical argument should be conducted, and seeks to...
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Moral Skepticism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-18 9:36)
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[Revised entry by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong on September 17, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, supplement.html]
"Moral Skepticism" names a diverse collection of views that deny or raise doubts about various roles of reason in morality. Different versions of moral skepticism deny or doubt moral knowledge, justified moral belief, moral truth, moral facts or properties, and reasons to be moral....
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Hermann Cohen
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-18 9:15)
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[Revised entry by Scott Edgar on September 17, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Hermann Cohen, more than any other single figure, is responsible for founding the orthodox neo-Kantianism that dominated academic philosophy in Germany from the 1870s until the end of the First World War. Earlier German philosophers finding inspiration in Kant tended either towards speculative, metaphysical idealism, or sought to address philosophical questions with the resources of the empirical sciences, especially psychology. In contrast, Cohen's seminal...
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Naturalism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-16 15:19)
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[Revised entry by David Papineau on September 15, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
The term "naturalism" has no very precise meaning in contemporary philosophy. Its current usage derives from debates in America in the first half of the last century. The self-proclaimed "naturalists" from that period included John Dewey, Ernest Nagel, Sidney Hook and Roy Wood Sellars. These philosophers aimed to ally philosophy more closely with science. They urged that reality is exhausted by nature, containing nothing "supernatural", and that the scientific method should be used to investigate all areas of reality, including the "human spirit" (Krikorian 1944;...
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Theories of Contract Law
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-12 10:24)
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[New Entry by Daniel Markovits on September 11, 2015.]
Contract is a branch of private law. It thus concerns private obligations that arise in respect of symmetrical relations among natural and artificial persons rather than public obligations that arise in respect of hierarchical relations between persons and the state. Contract, at least in its orthodox expression, is distinctive for concerning chosen, or voluntary, obligations - that is, obligations constituted by the intentions of the contracting parties. This entry describes doctrinal and theoretical accounts of contract law with a special emphasis on the relationship between...
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Relativism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-12 8:37)
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[Revised entry by Maria Baghramian and Adam Carter on September 11, 2015.
Changes to: 0]
Relativism, roughly put, is the view that truth and falsity, right and wrong, standards of reasoning, and procedures of justification are products of differing conventions and frameworks of assessment and that their authority is confined to the context giving rise to them. More precisely, "relativism" covers views which maintain that - at a high level of abstraction - at least some class of things have the properties they have (e.g., beautiful, morally good, epistemically justified) not simpliciter, but only relative to a given framework of assessment (e.g., local cultural norms,...
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