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Descartes' Ontological Argument
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-3 12:44)
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[Revised entry by Lawrence Nolan on September 2, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Descartes' ontological (or a priori) argument is both one of the most fascinating and poorly understood aspects of his philosophy. Fascination with the argument stems from the effort to prove God's existence from simple but powerful premises. Existence is derived immediately from the clear and distinct idea of a supremely perfect being. Ironically, the simplicity of the argument has also produced several misreadings, exacerbated in part by Descartes'...
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Computability and Complexity
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-3 9:49)
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[Revised entry by Neil Immerman on September 2, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, descriptiveWorld2015.jpg]
A mathematical problem is computable if it can be solved in principle by a computing device. Some common synonyms for "computable" are "solvable", "decidable", and "recursive". Hilbert believed that all mathematical problems were solvable, but in the 1930's Godel, Turing, and Church showed that this is not the case. There is an extensive study and classification of which mathematical...
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Sentence Connectives in Formal Logic
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-3 9:28)
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[Revised entry by Lloyd Humberstone on September 2, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
Natural language sentence-linking words (like "and", "or") have traditionally had aspects of their use simulated by corresponding connectives in various systems of formal logic. (In fact we use the word "connective" more generously, so that there don't have to be two or more sentences linked, allowing us to consider the analogues of words like "not" and "necessarily" as connectives too.)...
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Peter of Spain
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-2 12:53)
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[Revised entry by Joke Spruyt on September 1, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
Peter of Spain (thirteenth century), exact identity unknown, was the author of a standard textbook on logic, the Tractatus (Tracts),[1] which enjoyed a high renown in Europe for many centuries. His works on logic are typical examples of the type of manuals that gradually started to emerge within the context of twelfth- and thirteenth-century teaching practices. Until recently he was also...
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John Cook Wilson
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-9-1 5:02)
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[Revised entry by Mathieu Marion on August 31, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
John Cook Wilson (1849 - 1915) was Wykeham Professor of Logic at New College, Oxford and the founder of 'Oxford Realism', a philosophical movement that flourished at Oxford during the first decades of the 20th century. Although trained as a classicist and a mathematician, his most important contribution was to the theory of knowledge, where he argued that knowledge is factive and not definable in terms of belief, and he criticized 'hybrid' and...
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Idealism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-31 3:56)
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[New Entry by Paul Guyer and Rolf-Peter Horstmann on August 30, 2015.]
This entry discusses philosophical idealism as a movement chiefly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, although anticipated by certain aspects of seventeenth century philosophy. It examines the relationship between epistemological idealism (the view that the contents of human knowledge are ineluctably determined by the structure of human thought) and ontological idealism (the view that epistemological idealism delivers truth because reality itself is a form of thought and human thought participates in it). After discussing precursors, the entry focuses on the eighteenth-century...
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Discrimination
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-31 3:26)
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[Revised entry by Andrew Altman on August 30, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Discrimination is prohibited by six of the core international human rights documents. The vast majority of the world's states have constitutional or statutory provisions outlawing discrimination. (Osin and Porat 2005) And most philosophical, political, and legal discussions of discrimination proceed on the premise that discrimination is morally wrong and, in a wide range of cases, ought to be legally prohibited. However, co-existing with this impressive...
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Dialogical Logic
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-29 16:02)
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Dialogical Logic (draft--do not quote) Dialogical logic is an approach to logic in which the meaning of the logicalconstants (connectives and quantifiers) and the notion of validity are explainedin game-theoretic terms. The meaning of logical constants like “and”, “or”,“implies”, “not”, “every”, and so forth, is given in terms of how assertionscontaining these logical constants can … Continue reading Dialogical Logic →
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Bradley, F. H.: Logic
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-28 15:32)
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F. H. Bradley: Logic Although the logical system expounded by F. H. Bradley in The Principles of Logic (1883) is now almost forgotten, it had many virtues. To appreciate them, it is helpful to understand that Bradley had a very different view of logic from that prevalent today. He is hostile to the idea of … Continue reading Bradley, F. H.: Logic →
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Natural Deduction
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-28 13:07)
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Natural Deduction (draft--do not quote) Natural Deduction (ND) is a common name for the class of proof systems composedof simple and self-evident inference rules based on methods of proof andtraditional ways of reasoning applied since antiquity in deductive practice. Thefirst formal ND systems were independently constructed in 1930s by G. Gentzenand S. Jaskowski and proposed … Continue reading Natural Deduction →
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