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RSS/ATOM 記事 (74111)
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Social Networking and Ethics
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-22 10:48)
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[Revised entry by Shannon Vallor on August 21, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
In the first decade of the 21st century, new media technologies for social networking such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and YouTube began to transform the social, political and informational practices of individuals and institutions across the globe, inviting a philosophical response from the community of applied ethicists and philosophers of technology. While this scholarly response continues to be challenged by the rapidly evolving nature of social networking...
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Privacy and Medicine
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-21 10:17)
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[Revised entry by Anita Allen on August 20, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Individuals, institutions and governments practice, value and protect medical privacy (Beauchamp and Childress 2008; Humber and Almeder 2001; Englehardt 2000b). As a general rule, they try to limit access to health information and biospecimens, respect health-related decisions, and honor both individual and community expectations of bodily modesty, intimacy, bodily integrity, and self-ownership (Winslade 2014). First, while information-sharing has grown more common,individuals commonly keep some health concerns to themselves, whether out of...
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Qualia
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-21 9:55)
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[Revised entry by Michael Tye on August 20, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Feelings and experiences vary widely. For example, I run my fingers over sandpaper, smell a skunk, feel a sharp pain in my finger, seem to see bright purple, become extremely angry. In each of these cases, I am the subject of a mental state with a very distinctive subjective character. There is something it is like for me to undergo each state, some phenomenology that it has. Philosophers often use the term 'qualia' (singular 'quale') to refer to...
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Bayle, Pierre
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-15 13:00)
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Pierre Bayle (16471706) Pierre Bayle was a seventeenth-century French skeptical philosopher and historian. He is best known for his encyclopedic work The Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697, 1st edition; 1702, 2nd edition), a work which was widely influential on eighteenth-century figures such as Voltaire and Thomas Jefferson. Bayle is traditionally described as a skeptic, though … Continue reading Bayle, Pierre →
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Classical Music, Aesthetics of
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-15 10:41)
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The Aesthetics of Classical Music Musical aesthetics as a whole seeks to understand the perceived properties of music, in particular those properties that lead to experiences of musical value for the listener. It may also be understood more broadly as essentially synonymous with the philosophy of music, thus including issues of musical ontology, epistemology, ethics, … Continue reading Classical Music, Aesthetics of →
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The Epistemic Basing Relation
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-14 14:18)
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[Revised entry by Keith Allen Korcz on August 13, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The epistemic basing relation is the relation which holds between a reason and a belief if and only if the reason is a reason for which the belief is held. It is generally thought to be a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a belief's being justified that the belief be based on a reason. The basing relation is what distinguishes good reasons which a person possesses that contribute to the personal justification of a given belief from good reasons...
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Mohist Canons
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-14 12:49)
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[Revised entry by Chris Fraser on August 13, 2015.
Changes to: Bibliography]
The Mohist Canons are a set of brief statements on a variety of philosophical and other topics by anonymous members of the Mohist school, an influential philosophical, social, and religious movement of China's Warring States period (479 - 221 B.C.).[1] Written and compiled most likely between the late 4th and mid 3rd...
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Transcendentalism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-13 7:59)
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[Revised entry by Russell Goodman on August 12, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Transcendentalism is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson. Other important transcendentalists were Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Amos Bronson Alcott, Frederic Henry Hedge, and Theodore Parker. Stimulated by English and German Romanticism, the Biblical criticism of Herder and Schleiermacher, and the skepticism of Hume, the transcendentalists operated with the sense that a new era was...
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Intergenerational Justice
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-11 6:36)
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[Revised entry by Lukas Meyer on August 10, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Do justice considerations apply to intergenerational relations, that is, to relations between non-contemporaries? If we follow a broad understanding of justice (see Mill 1863, ch. 5) this is the case if future or past generations can be viewed as holding legitimate claims or rights[1] against present generations, who in turn stand under correlative...
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Agency
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-8-11 4:20)
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[New Entry by Markus Schlosser on August 10, 2015.]
In very general terms, an agent is a being with the capacity to act, and 'agency' denotes the exercise or manifestation of this capacity. The philosophy of action provides us with a standard conception and a standard theory of action. The former construes action in terms of intentionality, the latter explains the intentionality of action in terms of causation by the agent's mental states and events. From this, we obtain a standard conception and a standard theory of agency. There are alternative conceptions of agency, and it has been argued that the standard theory fails to...
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