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The Nature of Law  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-8 14:58)

[Revised entry by Andrei Marmor and Alexander Sarch on August 7, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Lawyers are typically interested in the question: What is the law on a particular issue? This is always a local question and answers to it are bound to differ according to the specific jurisdiction in which they are asked. In contrast, philosophy of law is interested in the general question: What is Law? This general question about the nature of law presupposes that law is a unique social-political phenomenon, with more or less universal...

Nonconceptual Mental Content  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-8 14:13)

[Revised entry by José Bermúdez and Arnon Cahen on August 7, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] The central idea behind the theory of nonconceptual mental content is that some mental states can represent the world even though the bearer of those mental states need not possess the concepts required to specifytheir content. This basic idea has been developed in different ways and applied to different categories of mental state. Not all of these developments and applications are consistent with each other, but each offers a challenge to the widely held view that the way a...

Nicolaus Copernicus  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-6 6:23)

[Revised entry by Sheila Rabin on August 5, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it. Disturbed by the failure of Ptolemy's geocentric model of the universe to follow Aristotle's requirement for the uniform circular motion of all celestial bodies and determined to eliminate Ptolemy's equant, an imaginary point around which the bodies seemed to follow that requirement, Copernicus...

Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-6 6:07)

[Revised entry by Elizabeth Anderson on August 5, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Feminist epistemology and philosophy of science studies the ways in which gender does and ought to influence our conceptions of knowledge, the knowing subject, and practices of inquiry and justification. It identifies ways in which dominant conceptions and practices of knowledge attribution, acquisition, and justification systematically disadvantage women and other subordinated groups, and strives to reform these conceptions and practices so that they serve the...

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-5 2:57)

[Revised entry by Paul Redding on August 4, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Along with J.G. Fichte and, at least in his early work, F.W.J. von Schelling, Hegel (1770 - 1831) belongs to the period of German idealism in the decades following Kant. The most systematic of the post-Kantian idealists, Hegel attempted, throughout his published writings as well as in his lectures, to elaborate a comprehensive and systematic philosophy from a purportedly logical starting point. He is perhaps most well-known for his teleological account of history, an account that was later taken over by Marx and "inverted" into a materialist theory of an historical development culminating in...

The Phenomenology of the Munich and Göttingen Circles  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-4 8:33)

[New Entry by Alessandro Salice on August 3, 2015.] In the first decades of the twentieth century, the members of the so-called "Munich and Gottingen circles" of phenomenology made important contributions to the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language, the philosophy of action, epistemology, social philosophy, the philosophy of values and ontology. Some of the most prominent members of these circles are (in alphabetical order): Theodor Conrad, Hedwig Conrad-Martius, Johannes Daubert, August...

Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-4 8:30)

[Revised entry by Steven French on August 3, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] What are the metaphysical implications of quantum physics? One way of approaching this question is to consider the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. According to the 'Received View', which was elaborated as the quantum revolution was taking place, quantum theory implies that the fundamental particles of physics cannot be regarded as individual objects in this sense. Such a view has motivated the...

Trust  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-3 23:01)

[Revised entry by Carolyn McLeod on August 3, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Trust is important, but it is also dangerous. It is important because it allows us to form relationships with people and to depend on them - for love, for advice, for help with our plumbing, or what have you - especially when we know that no outside force compels them to give us such things. But trust also involves the risk that people we trust will not pull through for us; for, if there were some guarantee that they would pull through, then we would have no...

Conservatism  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-1 18:55)

[New Entry by Andy Hamilton on August 1, 2015.] Conservatism and its modernising, anti-traditionalist rivals, liberalism and socialism, are the dominant political philosophies and ideologies of the post-Enlightenment era. Conservatives criticise their rivals for making a utopian exaggeration of the power of theoretical reason, and of human perfectibility. Conservative prescriptions are based on what they regard as experience rather than reason; for them, the ideal and the practical are inseparable. Most commentators regard conservatism as a modern political philosophy, even though it exhibits the standpoint of paternalism or authority,...

Salomon Maimon  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-8-1 9:51)

[Revised entry by Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed on July 31, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Salomon Maimon (1753 - 1800) stands as one of the most acute, original, and complicated thinkers - and certainly one of the most fascinating personalities - of the 1780s and 1790s. By granting the principle of sufficient reason unlimited validity Maimon embraces a radical form of rationalism. His robust criteria for the validity of knowledge suggests that even Kant's attempt to limit epistemological claims to the realm of possible experience cannot be...