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Spinoza: Moral Philosophy
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-24 12:50)
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Spinoza: Moral Philosophy Like many European philosophers in the early modern period, Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) developed a moral philosophy that fused the insights of ancient theories of virtue with a modern conception of humans, their place in nature, and their relationship to God. Unlike many other authors in this period, however, Spinoza was strongly … Continue reading Spinoza: Moral Philosophy →
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The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-22 10:12)
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[Revised entry by Alfred Tauber on May 21, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Fundamental to biology are (1) defining the characteristics of identity, which distinguish individual organisms from those of similar kind, and (2) describing the mechanisms that defend organisms from their predators. Immunology is the science devoted to these problems. A progeny of late 19th-century microbiology and the clinical discipline of infectious diseases, immunology did not attain a formal theoretical construction until after World War II, when "the self" was introduced as the conceptual foundation of a new theory of immunity. In...
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Johannes Kepler
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-22 8:18)
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[Revised entry by Daniel A. Di Liscia on May 21, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630) is one of the most significant representatives of the so-called Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. Although he received only the basic training of a "magister" and was professionally oriented towards theology at the beginning of his career, he rapidly became known for his mathematical skills and theoretical creativity. As a convinced Copernican, Kepler was able to...
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Temporal Logic
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-21 9:08)
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[Revised entry by Valentin Goranko and Antony Galton on May 20, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The term Temporal Logic has been broadly used to cover all approaches to representation and reasoning about time and temporal information within a logical framework, and also more narrowly to refer specifically to the modal-logic type of approach introduced around 1960 by Arthur Prior under the name of Tense Logic and subsequently developed further by many logicians and computer scientists. Applications of Temporal Logic include its use as a formalism for clarifying philosophical issues about time, as a framework within which to define the semantics of temporal expressions...
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Giambattista della Porta
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-20 8:52)
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[New Entry by Sergius Kodera on May 19, 2015.]
To most modern readers, it would stretch definitions to include someone like Giovan Battista Della Porta (1535 - 1615) in an encyclopedia of philosophy. In a typical assessment of Porta's Magia Naturalis, Wayne Shumaker writes: Occasionally [Porta] shows that he has actually experimented, as in writing about the lodestone or burning-glasses. On the whole, however, the treatise is backward-looking. (1972: 120)...
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Finitism in Geometry
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-19 10:29)
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[Revised entry by Jean Paul Van Bendegem on May 18, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, supplement.html]
In our representations of the world, especially in physics, (mathematical) infinities play a crucial role. The continuum of the real numbers, (Re), as a representation of time or of one-dimensional space is surely the best known example and, by extension, the (n)-fold cartesian product, (Re^{n}), for (n)-dimensional space. However, these same infinities also cause problems. One just has to think about Zeno's paradoxes or the present-day continuation of that discussion, namely the discussion about supertasks, to see the difficulties (see...
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Self-Knowledge
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-19 10:00)
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[Revised entry by Brie Gertler on May 18, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html, supplement.html]
In philosophy, "self-knowledge" standardly refers to knowledge of one's own sensations, thoughts, beliefs, and other mental states. At least since Descartes, most philosophers have believed that our knowledge of our own mental states differs markedly from our knowledge of the external world (where this includes our knowledge of others' thoughts). But there is little agreement about what precisely distinguishes self-knowledge from knowledge in other realms. Partially because of this disagreement, philosophers have endorsed competing accounts of how we acquire...
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Antonio Rosmini
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-16 11:54)
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[Revised entry by Denis Cleary on May 15, 2015.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Antonio Rosmini (1797 - 1855), Italian priest, philosopher, theologian and patriot, and founder of a religious congregation, aimed principally in his philosophical work at re-addressing the balance between reason and religion which had largely been lost as a result of the Enlightenment. To this purpose, he absorbed the tradition of philosophia perennis, read extensively the works of post-Renaissance philosophers, and developed his own views on...
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Robin George Collingwood
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-14 15:11)
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[Revised entry by Giuseppina D'Oro and James Connelly on May 13, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
R. G. Collingwood (1889 - 1943) was a British philosopher and practising archaeologist best known for his work in aesthetics and the philosophy of history. During the 1950s and 1960s his philosophy of history in particular occupied centre stage in the debate concerning the nature of explanation in the social sciences and whether or not they are ultimately reducible to explanations in the natural sciences. Primarily through the interpretative efforts of W. H. Dray,...
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Charles Leslie Stevenson
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2015-5-14 14:43)
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[Revised entry by Daniel R. Boisvert on May 13, 2015.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Charles Leslie Stevenson (1908 - 1979) was a mid-Twentieth Century American philosopher best known for his pioneering work in the field of metaethics (the study of the relations among moral language, thought, reality, and knowledge) and, specifically, as a central figure along with I. A. Richards and A. J. Ayer in the development of emotivism. Emotivism, a precursor to the metaethical expressivism today championed by Simon Blackburn (1984, 1993) and Alan Gibbard (1990, 2003) among others, is typically understood as a theory of moral language according to which ethical terms are used much like...
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