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Moral Relativism  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-21 9:26)

[Revised entry by Chris Gowans on April 20, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Moral relativism is an important topic in metaethics. It is also widely discussed outside philosophy (for example, by political and religious leaders), and it is controversial among philosophers and nonphilosophers alike. This is perhaps not surprising in view of recent evidence that people's intuitions about moral relativism vary widely. Though many philosophers are quite critical of moral relativism, there are several contemporary philosophers who defend forms of it. These include such prominent figures as Gilbert Harman, Jesse J. Prinz, J. David Vellemen and David B. Wong. The term...

Donald Cary Williams  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-20 21:21)

[Revised entry by Keith Campbell, James Franklin, and Douglas Ehring on April 20, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] The published work of Donald Williams (1899 - 1983) ranges across a broad spectrum in philosophy, but his importance as a philosopher rests in large measure on four major achievements. Firstly, in a period when the role of philosophy was being diminished and trivialized, he persisted with a traditional style of philosophizing. Although it remained unfashionable throughout most of his active years, he held to the classic program of Western philosophy: to explain and defend our capacity to attain knowledge (so far as that reaches), in the light of that to present a...

Reid, Thomas : Philosophy of Mind  from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-18 14:19)

Thomas Reid: Philosophy of Mind This article focuses on the philosophy of mind of Thomas Reid (1710-1796), as presented in An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense (1764) and Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785). Reid’s action theory and his views on what makes humans morally worthy agents, … Continue reading Reid, Thomas : Philosophy of Mind →

Representational Theories of Consciousness  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-18 10:14)

[Revised entry by William Lycan on April 17, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] The idea of representation has been central in discussions of intentionality for many years. But only more recently has it begun playing a wider role in the philosophy of mind, particularly in theories of consciousness. Indeed, there are now multiple representational theories of consciousness, corresponding to different uses of the term "conscious," each attempting to explain the corresponding phenomenon in terms of representation. More cautiously,...

Transcendental Arguments  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-18 9:28)

[Revised entry by Robert Stern on April 17, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] As standardly conceived, transcendental arguments are taken to be distinctive in involving a certain sort of claim, namely that X is a necessary condition for the possibility of Y - where then, given that Y is the case, it logically follows that X must be the case too. Moreover, because these arguments are generally used to respond to skeptics who take our knowledge claims to be problematic, the Y in...

The Epistemology of Modality  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-14 14:24)

[Revised entry by Anand Vaidya on April 13, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, fig1.png] Whereas facts about what is actual are facts about how things are, facts about modality (i.e., what is possible, necessary, or impossible) are facts about how things could, must, or could not have been. For example, while there are in fact eleven players on a soccer team, there could have been thirteen, though there couldn't have been zero. The first of these is a fact about what is actual; the second is a fact about what was possible, and the third is a fact about what is impossible. Humans are often disposed to consider, make, and evaluate judgments about what is possible and necessary, such as when we are motivated to make things better and imagine how things might be. We judge that things could have been different than they actually are, while other things could not have been. These modal judgments and modal claims therefore play a central role in human decision-making and in philo ...

Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-11 10:39)

[New Entry by Richard J. Oosterhoff on April 10, 2015.] Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples (c. 1450 - 1536) taught philosophy at the University of Paris from around 1490 to 1508, and then applied his erudition and textual scholarship to biblical studies and religious reform. Lefevre traveled to Italy in 1491, 1500, and 1507. There he sought out Ermolao Barbaro, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino, Angelo Poliziano, and other famous humanists. He became famous for the many introductions to, commentaries on, and editions of philosophical works which he published in Paris. These repackaged the full range of philosophical...

Demonstratives and Indexicals  from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-10 16:40)

Demonstratives and Indexicals In the philosophy of language, an indexical is any expression whose content varies from one context of use to another. The standard list of indexicals includes pronouns such as “I,” “you,” “he,” “she,” “it,” “this,” “that,” plus adverbs such as “now,” “then,” “today,” “yesterday,” “here,” and “actually.” Other candidates include the tenses … Continue reading Demonstratives and Indexicals →

Desire  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-10 12:49)

[Revised entry by Tim Schroeder on April 9, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] To desire is to be in a particular state of mind. It is a state of mind familiar to everyone who has ever wanted to drink water or desired to know what has happened to an old friend, but its familiarity does not make it easy to give a theory of desire. Controversy immediately breaks out when asking whether wanting water and desiring knowledge are, at bottom, the same state of mind as others that seem somewhat similar: wishing never to have been born, preferring mangoes to...

Dreams and Dreaming  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-4-10 12:15)

[New Entry by Jennifer M. Windt on April 9, 2015.] Dreams and dreaming have been topics of philosophical inquiry since antiquity. Historically, the topic of dreaming has mostly been discussed in the context of external world skepticism. As famously suggested by Descartes, dreams pose a threat towards knowledge because it seems impossible to rule out, at any given moment, that one is now dreaming. Since the 20th century, philosophical interest in dreaming has increasingly shifted towards questions related to philosophy of mind. What exactly does it mean to say that dreams are conscious experiences during sleep? Do dreams have duration, or are...