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Gratitude  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-20 9:01)

[New Entry by Tony Manela on March 19, 2015.] Gratitude is the proper or called-for response in a beneficiary to benefits or beneficence from a benefactor. It is a topic of interest in normative ethics, moral psychology, and political philosophy, and may have implications for metaethics as well. Despite its commonness in everyday life, there is substantive disagreement among philosophers over the nature of gratitude and its connection to other philosophical concepts. The sections of this article address five areas of debate about what gratitude is, when it is called for, and what implications it has for other debates in moral philosophy and philosophy...

Metaethics, Constructivism in  from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-19 10:04)

Constructivism in Metaethics It is difficult to provide an uncontroversial statement of constructivism in metaethics, since the terms of this doctrine are themselves the focus of philosophical debate. However, this view is now perhaps most commonly understood as a metaphysical thesis concerning how we are to understand the nature of normative factsthat is, facts about … Continue reading Metaethics, Constructivism in →

The Axiom of Choice  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-19 8:56)

[Revised entry by John L. Bell on March 18, 2015. Changes to: Bibliography] The principle of set theory known as the Axiom of Choice has been hailed as "probably the most interesting and, in spite of its late appearance, the most discussed axiom of mathematics, second only to Euclid's axiom of parallels which was introduced more than two thousand years ago" (Fraenkel, Bar-Hillel a Levy 1973, sII.4). The fulsomeness of this description might lead those unfamiliar with the axiom to expect it to be as startling as, say, the...

Jeremy Bentham  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-18 9:33)

[New Entry by James E. Crimmins on March 17, 2015.] Jeremy Bentham, jurist and political reformer, is one of the foundational philosophers in the modern utilitarian tradition. Earlier moralists had enunciated several of the core ideas and characteristic terminology of utilitarian philosophy, most notably John Gay, Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Claude-Adrien Helvetius and Cesare Beccaria, but it was Bentham who rendered the theory in its recognisably secular and systematic form and made it a critical tool...

Al-Kindi  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-18 9:19)

[Revised entry by Peter Adamson on March 17, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (ca. 800 - 870 CE) was the first self-identified philosopher in the Arabic tradition. He worked with a group of translators who rendered works of Aristotle, the Neoplatonists, and Greek mathematicians and scientists into Arabic. Al-Kindi's own treatises, many of them epistles addressed to members of the caliphal family, depended heavily on these translations, which included the famous Theology of Aristotle...

Associationist Theories of Thought  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-18 8:33)

[New Entry by Eric Mandelbaum on March 17, 2015.] Associationism is one of the oldest, and, in some form or another, most widely held theories of thought. Associationism has been the engine behind empiricism for centuries, from the British Empiricists through the Behaviorists and modern day Connectionists. Nevertheless, "associationism" does not refer to one particular theory of cognition per se, but rather a constellation of related though separable theses. What ties these theses together is a commitment to a certain arationality of thought: a creature's mental states are associated because of some facts about its causal...

Zombies  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-17 10:13)

[Revised entry by Robert Kirk on March 16, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Zombies in philosophy are imaginary creatures designed to illuminate problems about consciousness and its relation to the physical world. Unlike those in films or witchcraft, they are exactly like us in all physical respects but without conscious experiences: by definition there is 'nothing it is like' to be a zombie. Yet zombies behave just like us, and some even spend a lot of time discussing consciousness....

Epistemic Foundations of Game Theory  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-14 10:02)

[New Entry by Eric Pacuit and Olivier Roy on March 13, 2015.] Foundational work in game theory aims at making explicit the assumptions that underlie the basic concepts of the discipline. Non-cooperative game theory is the study of individual, rational decision making in situations of strategic interaction. This entry presents the epistemic foundations of non-cooperative game theory (this area of research is called epistemic game theory). Epistemic game theory views rational decision making in games as...

Tibetan Epistemology and Philosophy of Language  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-12 11:16)

[Revised entry by Pascale Hugon on March 11, 2015. Changes to: Bibliography] The birth of the Tibetan epistemological tradition (Tib. tshad ma) follows the reception in Tibet of the central works on the subject by the Indian Buddhist forefathers, principally Dharmakīrti and his commentators. Tibetan epistemology evolved to a large extent in the framework of a commentarial tradition, which did not prevent it from developing into an indigenous system with its specific terminology and formal features, a system that involves issues...

Ontological Dependence  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2015-3-12 11:11)

[Revised entry by Tuomas E. Tahko and E. Jonathan Lowe on March 11, 2015. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Ontological dependence is a relation - or, more accurately, a family of relations - between entities or beings (onta in Greek, whence ontological). For there are various ways in which one being may be said to depend upon one or more other beings, in a sense of "depend" that is distinctly metaphysical in character and that may be contrasted, thus, with various causal senses of this word. More specifically, a being may be said to depend, in such a sense,...