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RSS/ATOM 記事 (74071)
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Imprecise Probabilities
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-21 6:34)
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[New Entry by Seamus Bradley on December 20, 2014.]
It has been argued that imprecise probabilities are a natural and intuitive way of overcoming some of the issues with orthodox precise probabilities. Models of this type have a long pedigree, and interest in such models has been growing in recent years. This article introduces the theory of imprecise probabilities, discusses the motivations for their use and their possible advantages over the standard precise model. It then discusses some philosophical issues raised by this model....
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Afterlife
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-19 13:01)
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[Revised entry by William Hasker and Charles Taliaferro on December 18, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
One of the points where there is a significant, long-lasting intersection of the interests of many philosophers with the interests of many people of all kinds and conditions concerns the nature and significance of death. How should we understand the mortality of all living things and, closer to home, how should we understand our own mortality? Is it possible for persons to survive biological death? This is a topic that has occupied both analytic and continental philosophy in the twentieth century (e.g., Fred Feldman, Martin Heidegger). When the topic of death is ignored or denied in popular...
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Zhuangzi
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-18 9:00)
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[Revised entry by Chad Hansen on December 17, 2014.
Changes to: 0]
Zhuangzi (Chuang-tzu莊子 "Master Zhuang" late 4th century BC) is the pivotal figure in Classical Philosophical Daoism. The Zhuangzi is a compilation of his and others' writings at the pinnacle of the philosophically subtle Classical period in China (5th - 3rd century BC). The period was marked by humanist and naturalist reflections on normativity shaped by the metaphor of a dao - a social or a natural path. Traditional...
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Voluntary Euthanasia
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-17 13:37)
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[Revised entry by Robert Young on December 16, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The entry sets out five conditions often said to be necessary for anyone to be a candidate for legalized voluntary euthanasia (and, with appropriate qualifications, physician-assisted suicide), outlines the moral case advanced by those in favor of legalizing voluntary euthanasia, and discusses the five most important objections made by those who deny that voluntary euthanasia is morally permissible and who are, in consequence, opposed to its being legalized....
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Nationalism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-16 14:06)
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[Revised entry by Nenad Miscevic on December 15, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The term "nationalism" is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1) the attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their national identity, and (2) the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve (or sustain) self-determination. (1) raises questions about the concept of a nation (or national identity), which is often defined in terms of common origin, ethnicity, or cultural ties, and specifically about whether an individual's membership in a nation should be regarded as non-voluntary or voluntary. (2) raises questions about whether...
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Nonexistent Objects
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-16 11:13)
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[Revised entry by Maria Reicher on December 15, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
A nonexistent object is something that does not exist. Some examples often cited are: Zeus, Pegasus, Sherlock Holmes, Vulcan, the perpetual motion machine, the golden mountain, the fountain of youth, the round square, etc. Some important philosophers have thought that the very concept of a nonexistent object is contradictory (Hume) or logically ill-formed (Kant, Frege), while others (Leibniz, Meinong, the Russell of Principles of Mathematics) have embraced it...
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Intuitionism in Ethics
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-16 10:28)
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[New Entry by Philip Stratton-Lake on December 15, 2014.]
Ethical Intuitionism was one of the dominant forces in British moral philosophy from the early 18th century till the 1930s. It fell into disrepute in the 1940s, but towards the end of the twentieth century Ethical Intuitionism began to re-emerge as a respectable moral theory. It has not regained the dominance it once enjoyed, but many philosophers, including Robert Audi, Jonathan Dancy, David Enoch, Michael Huemer, David McNaughton, and Russ Shafer-Landau, are now...
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Cavendish, Margaret
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-16 2:43)
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Margaret Cavendish (16231673) Margaret Lucas Cavendish, the Duchess of Newcastle, was a philosopher, poet, playwright and essayist. Her philosophical writings were concerned mostly with issues of metaphysics and natural philosophy, but also extended to social and political concerns. Like Hobbes and Descartes, she rejected what she took to be the occult explanations of the Scholastics. […]
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The Problem of the Many
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-15 11:28)
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[Revised entry by Brian Weatherson on December 14, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
As anyone who has flown out of a cloud knows, the boundaries of a cloud are a lot less sharp up close than they can appear on the ground. Even when it seems clearly true that there is one, sharply bounded, cloud up there, really there are thousands of water droplets that are neither determinately part of the cloud, nor determinately outside it. Consider any object that consists of the core of the cloud, plus an arbitrary selection of these droplets. It will look like a cloud, and...
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Philip the Chancellor
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-12-13 11:17)
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[Revised entry by Colleen McCluskey on December 12, 2014.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Philip the Chancellor was an influential figure in a number of different circles in the first half of the thirteenth century. He enjoyed a long though rather turbulent ecclesiastical career and was famous for his sermons and his lyric poetry, the latter of which has received attention by a number of musicologists in recent years. In the areas of philosophy and theology, his major work, Summa de bono, which was composed sometime in the 1220s - 1230s, was a...
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