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RSS/ATOM 記事 (73987)
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Evolutionary Psychology
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-22 13:31)
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[Revised entry by Stephen M. Downes on May 21, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Evolutionary psychology is one of many biologically informed approaches to the study of human behavior. Along with cognitive psychologists, evolutionary psychologists propose that much, if not all, of our behavior can be explained by appeal to internal psychological mechanisms. What distinguishes evolutionary psychologists from many cognitive psychologists is the proposal that...
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David Hume
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-22 8:48)
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[Revised entry by William Edward Morris and Charlotte R. Brown on May 21, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Generally regarded as one of the most important philosophers to write in English, David Hume was also well known in his own time as an historian and essayist. A master stylist in any genre, his major philosophical works - A Treatise of Human Nature (1739 - 1740), the Enquiries concerning Human Understanding (1748) and concerning the Principles of...
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A Priori Justification and Knowledge
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-20 10:42)
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[Revised entry by Bruce Russell on May 19, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
A priori justification is a type of epistemic justification that is, in some sense, independent of experience. Gettier examples have led most philosophers to think that having a justified true belief is not sufficient for knowledge (see sec. 5, below, and the example, Sheep), but many still believe that it is necessary. For those that do, a priori knowledge is knowledge based on a priori justification. There are a variety of views...
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Medieval Theories of Haecceity
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-13 10:17)
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[Revised entry by Richard Cross on May 12, 2014.
Changes to: Main text]
First proposed by John Duns Scotus (1266 - 1308), a haecceity is a non-qualitative property responsible for individuation and identity. As understood by Scotus, a haecceity is not a bare particular in the sense of something underlying qualities. It is, rather, a non-qualitative property of a substance or thing: it is a "thisness" (a haecceitas, from the Latin haec,...
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Newton's Philosophy
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-7 14:41)
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[Revised entry by Andrew Janiak on May 6, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) lived in a philosophically rich and tumultuous time, one that saw the end of the Aristotelian dominance of philosophy in Europe, the rise and fall of Cartesianism, the emergence of "experimental philosophy" (later called "empiricism" in the nineteenth century) in Great Britain, and the development of numerous experimental and mathematical methods for the study of nature. Newton's contributions to mathematics - including the co-discovery of the calculus with his...
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Feminist Perspectives on Globalization
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-7 8:27)
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[New Entry by Serena Parekh and Shelley Wilcox on May 6, 2014.]
In its broadest sense, globalization refers to the economic, social, cultural, and political processes of integration that result from the expansion of transnational economic production, migration, communications, and technologies. Although both Western and non-Western feminists working in various areas of philosophy, including ethics, metaphysics, political philosophy, epistemology, and...
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Donald Davidson
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-6 10:34)
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[Revised entry by Jeff Malpas on May 5, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Donald Davidson was one of the most important philosophers of the latter half of the twentieth century and with a reception and influence that, of American philosophers, is perhaps matched only by that of W. V. O. Quine. Davidson's ideas, presented in a series of essays (and one posthumous monograph) from the 1960s onwards, have had an impact in a range of areas from semantic theory through to...
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Josiah Royce
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-6 10:22)
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[Revised entry by Kelly A. Parker on May 5, 2014.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Josiah Royce (1855 - 1916) was the leading American proponent of absolute idealism, the metaphysical view (also maintained by G. W. F. Hegel and F. H. Bradley) that all aspects of reality, including those we experience as disconnected or contradictory, are ultimately unified in the thought of a single all-encompassing consciousness. Royce also made original contributions in ethics, philosophy of community, philosophy...
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Blame
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-2 11:48)
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[Revised entry by Neal Tognazzini and D. Justin Coates on May 1, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
To blame someone is to respond in a particular way to something of negative normative significance about him or his behavior. A paradigm case, perhaps, would be when one person wrongs another, and the latter responds with resentment and a verbal rebuke, but of course, we also blame others for their attitudes and characters (see, e.g., Smith 2005). Thus blaming scenarios typically involve a wide range of inward...
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Xenophon
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-5-1 4:34)
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Xenophon (430354 B.C.E.) Xenophon was a Greek philosopher, soldier, historian, memoirist, and the author of numerous practical treatises on subjects ranging from horsemanship to taxation. While best known in the contemporary philosophical world as the author of a series of sketches of Socrates in conversation, known by their Latin title Memorabilia, Xenophon also wrote a […]
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