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Sextus Empiricus
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-17 17:28)
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[New Entry by Benjamin Morison on January 17, 2014.]
Sextus Empiricus was a Pyrrhonian Skeptic living probably in the second or third century CE, many of whose works survive, including the Outlines of Pyrrhonism, the best and fullest account we have of Pyrrhonian skepticism (a kind of skepticism named for Pyrrho (see entry on Ancient Skepticism)). Pyrrhonian skepticism involves having no beliefs...
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Weakness of Will
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-17 15:27)
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[Revised entry by Sarah Stroud on January 16, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html]
Julie chose b over a, even though she knew b was more expensive than a. There is nothing puzzling about Julie's choice. Perhaps Julie was...
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René Descartes
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-17 11:52)
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[Revised entry by Gary Hatfield on January 16, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) was a creative mathematician of the first order, an important scientific thinker, and an original metaphysician. During the course of his life, he was a mathematician first, a natural scientist or "natural philosopher" second, and a metaphysician third. In mathematics, he developed the techniques that made possible algebraic (or "analytic") geometry. In natural...
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Johann Gottlieb Fichte
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-17 9:02)
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[Revised entry by Dan Breazeale on January 16, 2014.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Inspired by his reading of Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 - 1814) developed during the final decade of the eighteenth century a radically revised and rigorously systematic version of transcendental idealism, which he called Wissenschaftslehre of "Doctrine of Scientific Knowledge." Perhaps the most characteristic, as well as most controversial, feature of the...
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Karl Leonhard Reinhold
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-17 9:02)
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[Revised entry by Dan Breazeale on January 16, 2014.
Changes to: Bibliography]
Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757 - 1823), Austrian philosopher and first occupant of the chair on Critical Philosophy established at the University of Jena in 1787, first achieved fame as a proponent of popular Enlightenment and as an early and effective popularizer of the Kantian philosophy. During his period at the University of Jena (1787 - 94), Reinhold proclaimed the need for a more...
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Consciousness
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-15 11:12)
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[Revised entry by Robert Van Gulick on January 14, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Perhaps no aspect of mind is more familiar or more puzzling than consciousness and our conscious experience of self and world. The problem of consciousness is arguably the central issue in current theorizing about the mind. Despite the lack of any agreed upon theory of consciousness, there is a widespread, if less than universal, consensus that an adequate account of mind requires a clear...
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Other Minds
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-15 11:10)
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[Revised entry by Alec Hyslop on January 14, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The problem of other minds is the problem of how to justify the almost universal belief that others have minds very like our own. It is one of the hallowed, if nowadays unfashionable, problems in philosophy. Various solutions to the problem are on offer. It is noteworthy that so many are on offer. Even more noteworthy is that none of the solutions on offer can plausibly lay claim to enjoying...
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Structural Realism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-11 11:14)
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[Revised entry by James Ladyman on January 10, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Structural realism is considered by many realists and antirealists alike as the most defensible form of scientific realism. There are now many forms of structural realism and an extensive literature about them. There are interesting connections with debates in metaphysics, philosophy of physics and philosophy of mathematics. This entry is intended to be a comprehensive survey of the field....
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Russell, Bertrand : Ethics
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-10 14:33)
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Bertrand Russell: Ethics This article confines itself to Bertrand Russell’s conversion from ethical cognitivism (similar to G. E. Moore) to ethical non-cognitivism (similar to Ayer). Russell’s conversion is not only historically important, as it contributes to the rise of metaethics, but it also clarifies the central issues between cognitivism and non-cognitivism. Traditionally, ethics has been […]
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Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2014-1-9 10:56)
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[Revised entry by Talia Bettcher on January 8, 2014.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
The relationship between feminism and transgender theory and politics is surprisingly fraught. The goal in this entry is to outline some of the key philosophical issues at the intersections, and this can be accomplished only by attending to the history of feminist and trans politics as it has unfolded in the U.S. "Transgender" as a politics and "trans studies" as a twin of "queer...
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