WEBリンク集

メイン  |  登録する  |  人気サイト (top10)  |  高評価サイト (top10)  |  おすすめサイト (0)  |  相互リンクサイト (0)

カテゴリ一覧  |  RSS/ATOM 対応サイト (6)  |  RSS/ATOM 記事 (73897)  |  ランダムジャンプ

RSS/ATOM 記事 (73897)

ここに表示されている RSS/ATOM 記事を RSS と ATOM で配信しています。


   

Diagrams  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-18 15:11)

[Revised entry by Sun-Joo Shin, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma on September 17, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] All of us engage in and make use of valid reasoning, but the reasoning we actually perform differs in various ways from the inferences studied by most (formal) logicians. Reasoning as performed by human beings typically involves information obtained through more than one medium. Formal logic, by contrast, has thus far been primarily concerned with valid reasoning which is based on information in one form only, i.e., in...

Affirmative Action  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-18 10:36)

[Revised entry by Robert Fullinwider on September 17, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] "Affirmative action" means positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded. When those steps involve preferential selection - selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity - affirmative action generates intense controversy....

Underdetermination of Scientific Theory  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-17 13:44)

[Revised entry by Kyle Stanford on September 16, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] At the heart of the underdetermination of scientific theory by evidence is the simple idea that the evidence available to us at a given time may be insufficient to determine what beliefs we should hold in response to it. In a textbook example, if I all I know is that you spent $10 on apples and oranges and that apples cost $1 while oranges cost $2, then I know that you did not buy six oranges, but I...

Nominalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-17 9:40)

[New Entry by Otávio Bueno on September 16, 2013.] Nominalism about mathematics (or mathematical nominalism) is the view according to which either mathematical objects, relations, and structures do not exist at all, or they do not exist as abstract objects (they are neither located in space-time nor do they havecausal powers). In the latter case, some suitable concrete replacement for mathematical objects is provided. Broadly speaking, there are two forms of mathematical nominalism: those views that require the reformulation of mathematical (or scientific) theories in order to avoid the commitment to mathematical objects (e.g., Field 1980; Hellman 1989), and those views that do not reformulate mathematical or scientific theories and offer instead an account of how no commitment to mathematical objects is involved when these theories are used (e.g., Azzouni 2004). Both forms of nominalism are examined, and they are assessed in light of how they address five central problems in the ...

Metaphor and Phenomenology  from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-14 15:02)

Metaphor and Phenomenology The term “contemporary phenomenology” refers to a wide area of 20th and 21st century philosophy in which the study of the structures of consciousness occupies center stage. Since the appearance of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and subsequent developments in phenomenology and hermeneutics after Husserl, it has no longer been possible to […]

Spinoza's Theory of Attributes  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-13 13:36)

[Revised entry by Noa Shein on September 12, 2013. Changes to: Bibliography] Attributes are at the very heart of Spinoza's metaphysics. They enable us to understand and talk about an extended world and a thinking world in terms of which we understand bodies and minds. Furthermore, it is due to the relation of attributes to one another and to the one substance that an elegant resolution to the Cartesian mind - body problem is possible. Attributes furnish Spinoza's...

The Concept of the Aesthetic  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-13 11:10)

[Revised entry by James Shelley on September 12, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Introduced into the philosophical lexicon during the Eighteenth Century, the term "aesthetic" has come to be used to designate, among other things, a kind of object, a kind of judgment, a kind of attitude, a kind of experience, and a kind of value. For the most part, aesthetic theories have divided over questions particular to one or another of these designations: whether artworks are necessarily...

Philosophy of Religion  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-12 10:56)

[Revised entry by Charles Taliaferro on September 11, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Philosophy of religion is the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions. It involves all the main areas of philosophy: metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics and value theory, the philosophy of language, philosophy of science, law, sociology, politics, history, and so on. Philosophy of religion also includes an investigation into the...

Plato  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-12 9:48)

[Revised entry by Richard Kraut on September 11, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Plato (429 - 347 B.C.E.) is, by any reckoning, one of the most dazzling writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most penetrating, wide-ranging, and influential authors in the history of philosophy. An Athenian citizen of high status, he displays in his works his absorption in the political events and intellectual movements of his time, but the questions he raises are so profound and the...

Scientific Change  from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-9-10 15:53)

Scientific Change How do scientific theories, concepts and methods change over time? Answers to this question have historical parts and philosophical parts. There can be descriptive accounts of the recorded differences over time of particular theories, concepts, and methodswhat might be called the shape of scientific change. Many stories of scientific change attempt to give […]