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RSS/ATOM 記事 (73897)
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Ethics, Applied
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-9-1 14:04)
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Applied Ethics Under what conditions is an abortion morally permissible? Does a citizen have a moral obligation to actively participate (perhaps by voting) in the democratic process of one’s nation (assuming one is living in a democracy)? What obligations, if any, does one have to the global poor? Under what conditions is female genital excision […]
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The Analytic/Synthetic Distinction
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-8-31 9:15)
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[Revised entry by Georges Rey on August 30, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
"Analytic" sentences, such as "Ophthalmologists are doctors," are those whose truth seems to be knowable by knowing the meanings of the constituent words alone, unlike the more usual "synthetic" ones, such as "Ophthalmologists are rich," whose truth is knowable by both knowing the meaning of the words and something about the world. Beginning with Frege, many...
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Feminist Perspectives on Disability
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-8-30 9:29)
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[Revised entry by Anita Silvers on August 29, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Traditional philosophy paid almost no attention to the existence and experiences of people who are physically or cognitively impaired. That in the past philosophers only rarely took notice of disability is understandable, if not condonable. The general culture usually associates disability with defectiveness, insufficiency, and imperfection, in other words, with states that philosophy throughout...
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Classical Logic
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-8-29 9:40)
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[Revised entry by Stewart Shapiro on August 28, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Typically, a logic consists of a formal or informal language together with a deductive system and/or a model-theoretic semantics. The language has components that correspond to a part of a natural language like English or Greek. The deductive system is to capture, codify, or simply record arguments that are valid for the given language, and the semantics is to capture, codify, or record the...
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Croce's Aesthetics
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-8-28 9:43)
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[Revised entry by Gary Kemp on August 27, 2013.
Changes to: Bibliography]
The Neapolitan Benedetto Croce (1860 - 1952) was a dominant figure in the first half of the twentieth century in aesthetics and literary criticism, as well as philosophy generally. But his fame did not last, either in Italy or in the English speaking world. He did not lack promulgators and willing translators into English: H. Carr was an early example of the former, R. G. Collingwood was both, and...
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Naturalistic Approaches to Social Construction
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-8-28 9:17)
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[Revised entry by Ron Mallon on August 27, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Social "construction," "constructionism" and "constructivism" are terms in wide use in the humanities and social sciences, and are applied to a diverse range of objects including the emotions, gender, race, sex, homo- and hetero-sexuality, mental illness, technology, quarks, facts, reality, and truth. This sort of terminology plays a number of different roles in different...
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Alexius Meinong
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-8-27 9:06)
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[Revised entry by Johann Marek on August 26, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Alexius Meinong Ritter von Handschuchsheim (b. 1853, d. 1920) was an Austrian philosopher and psychologist who worked at the University of Graz from 1882 until his death. He became renowned for the so called theory of objects ([Gegenstandstheorie], 1904), a kind of ontological account that tries to introduce and consider systematically not only existent but also non-existent objects. His...
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Scottish Philosophy in the 18th Century
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-8-24 8:35)
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[Revised entry by Alexander Broadie on August 23, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Philosophy was at the core of the eighteenth century movement known as the Scottish Enlightenment. The movement included major figures, such as Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Adam Smith, Thomas Reid and Adam Ferguson, and also many others who produced notable works, such as Gershom Carmichael, Archibald Campbell, George Turnbull, George Campbell, James Beattie, Alexander Gerard, Henry Home (Lord Kames) and...
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Recognition
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-8-24 8:13)
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[New Entry by Mattias Iser on August 23, 2013.]
Recognition has both a normative and a psychological dimension. Arguably, if you recognize another person with regard to a certain feature, as an autonomous agent, for example, you do not only admit that she has this feature but you embrace a positive attitude towards her for having this feature. Such recognition implies that you bear obligations to treat her in a certain way, that is, you recognize a specific normative status of the other person, e.g., as a free and equal person....
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Logicism and Neologicism
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-8-22 13:53)
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[New Entry by Neil Tennant on August 21, 2013.]
Logicism is a philosophical, foundational, and foundationalist doctrine that can be advanced with respect to any branch of mathematics. Traditionally, logicism has concerned itself especially with arithmetic and real analysis. It comes in a stronger and a weaker version. The strong version of logicism maintains that all mathematical truths in the chosen branch(es) form a species of logical truth. The weak version of logicism, by contrast, maintains only that all the theorems do. (By 'theorems' we mean results that are provable within the branch of mathematics in question.) The foundationalism is with respect to those parts of mathematics that the logicist reconstructs. Success in this regard is compatible, however, with a non-foundationalist (e.g., coherentist) view of the parts of mathematics that cannot be so reconstructed. Both versions of logicism - strong and weak - maintain that All the objects forming the subject matter of tho ...
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