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Nicole Oresme  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-22 11:28)

[Revised entry by Stefan Kirschner on August 21, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Without a doubt Oresme is one of the most eminent scholastic philosophers, famous for his original ideas, his independent thinking and his critique of several Aristotelian tenets. His work provided some basis for the development of modern mathematics and science. Furthermore he is generally considered the greatest medieval economist. By translating, at the behest of King Charles V of France, Aristotle's...

Attention  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-22 10:59)

[Revised entry by Christopher Mole on August 21, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Attention is involved in the selective directedness of our mental lives. The nature of this selectivity is one of the principal points of disagreement between the extant theories of attention. Some of the most influential theories treat the selectivity of attention as resulting from limitations in the brain's capacity to process the complex properties of multiple perceptual stimuli. Other theories take the selectivity of attention to be the result of limitations in the thinking subject's capacity to consciously entertain...

Medieval Theories of Causation  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-22 10:39)

[Revised entry by Graham White on August 21, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] Causality plays an important role in medieval philosophical writing: the dominant genre of medieval academic writing was the commentary on an authoritative work, very often a work of Aristotle. Of the works of Aristotle thus commented on, the Physics plays a central role. Other of Aristotle's scientific works - On the Heavens and the Earth, On Generation and Corruption - are also significant: so there is a rather daunting body of work to survey....

The Philosophy of Computer Science  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-21 12:32)

[Revised entry by Raymond Turner on August 20, 2013. Changes to: 0] For nearly every field of study, there is a branch of philosophy, called the philosophy of that field. ...Since the main purpose of a given field of study is to contribute to knowledge, the philosophy of X is, at least in part, a branch of epistemology. Its purpose is to provide an account of the goals, methodology, and subject matter...

Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-21 10:26)

[New Entry by Lisa Shapiro on August 20, 2013.] Elisabeth, Princess Palatine of Bohemia (1618 - 1680) is most well-known for her extended correspondence with Rene Descartes, and indeed these letters constitute her extant philosophical writings. In that correspondence, Elisabeth presses Descartes on the relation between the two really distinct substances of mind and body, and in particular the possibility of their causal interaction and the nature...

Evidential Problem of Evil, The  from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-21 9:00)

The Evidential Problem of Evil The evidential problem of evil is the problem of determining whether and, if so, to what extent the existence of evil (or certain instances, kinds, quantities, or distributions of evil) constitutes evidence against the existence of God, that is to say, a being perfect in power, knowledge and goodness. Evidential [...]

Insolubles  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-20 11:54)

[Revised entry by Paul Vincent Spade and Stephen Read on August 19, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, notes.html] The medieval name for paradoxes like the famous Liar Paradox ("This proposition is false") was "insolubles" or insolubilia, [1] though besides semantic paradoxes, they included epistemic paradoxes, e.g., "You do not know this proposition". From the late-twelfth century to the end of the Middle Ages and beyond, such...

Apology  from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-19 12:42)

Apology An apology is the act of declaring one’s regret, remorse, or sorrow for having insulted, failed, injured, harmed or wronged another. Some apologies are interpersonal (between individuals, that is, between friends, family members, colleagues, lovers, neighbours, or strangers). Other apologies are collective (by one group to another group or by a group to an [...]

Moral Particularism  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-16 9:23)

[Revised entry by Jonathan Dancy on August 15, 2013. Changes to: Bibliography] Moral Particularism, at its most trenchant, is the claim that there are no defensible moral principles, that moral thought does not consist in the application of moral principles to cases, and that the morally perfect person should not be conceived as the person of principle. There are more cautious versions, however. The strongest defensible version, perhaps, holds that though there may be some moral principles,...

Philosophy of Education  from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  (2013-8-16 9:12)

[Revised entry by D.C. Phillips and Harvey Siegel on August 15, 2013. Changes to: Main text, Bibliography] All human societies, past and present, have had a vested interest in education; and some wits have claimed that teaching (at its best an educational activity) is the second oldest profession. While not all societies channel sufficient resources into support for educational activities and institutions, all at the very least acknowledge their centrality - and for good reasons. For one thing, it is...