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Epictetus
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-20 10:16)
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[Revised entry by Margaret Graver on February 19, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
A Greek philosopher of 1st and early 2nd centuries C.E., and an exponent of Stoic ethics notable for the consistency and power of his ethical thought and for effective methods of teaching. Epictetus' chief concerns are with integrity, self-management, and personal freedom, which he advocates by demanding of his students a thorough examination of two central ideas, the...
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Francis Herbert Bradley
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-20 10:04)
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[Revised entry by Stewart Candlish and Pierfrancesco Basile on February 19, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
F. H. Bradley (1846 - 1924) was the most famous, original and philosophically influential of the British Idealists. These philosophers came to prominence in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, but their effect on British philosophy and society at large - and, through the positions of power attained by some of their pupils in the institutions of the British Empire, on much of...
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Neo-Kantianism
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-18 9:33)
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Neo-Kantianism By its broadest definition, the term ‘Neo-Kantianism’ names any thinker after Kant who both engages substantively with the basic ramifications of his transcendental idealism and casts their own project at least roughly within his terminological framework. In this sense, thinkers as diverse as Schopenhauer, Mach, Husserl, Foucault, Strawson, Kuhn, Sellers, Nancy, Korsgaard, and Friedman [...]
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Antoine Arnauld
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-18 5:54)
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Antoine Arnauld (1612-1694) Antoine Arnauld was considered by his peers as one of the preeminent 17th century European intellectuals. Arnauld had been remembered primarily as a correspondent of René Descartes, Gottfried Leibniz and Nicolas Malebranche, and as a dogmatic and uncritical Cartesian who made few if any philosophical contributions. In fact, as much newer research [...]
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Feng Youlan (Fung Yu-lan)
from Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-18 3:45)
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Feng Youlan (Fung Yu-lan, 1895-1990) Feng Youlan (romanized as Fung Yu-lan) was a representative of modern Chinese philosophy. Throughout his long and turbulent life, he consistently engaged the problem of reconciling traditional Chinese thought with the methods and concerns of modern Western philosophy. Raised by a modernist family who nonetheless gave him a traditional Confucian [...]
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Adam Smith's Moral and Political Philosophy
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-16 11:27)
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[New Entry by Samuel Fleischacker on February 15, 2013.]
Adam Smith developed a comprehensive and somewhat unusual version of moral sentimentalism in his Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759, TMS). He did not expressly lay out a political philosophy in similar detail, but a distinctive set of views on politics can be extrapolated from elements of both TMS and his Wealth of Nations (1776, WN); student notes from his lectures on jurisprudence...
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Feminist Social Epistemology
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-16 10:42)
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[Revised entry by Heidi Grasswick on February 15, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography, Internet resources, notes.html]
Many of the significant contributors to the fast-developing field of social epistemology have been feminist epistemologists, theorists who investigate the role of gender in knowledge production. Motivated by the political project of eliminating the oppression of women, feminist epistemologists are interested in how the norms and practices of knowledge production affect the lives of women and are implicated in...
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Empathy
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-15 10:54)
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[Revised entry by Karsten Stueber on February 14, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Despite its linguistic roots in ancient Greek, the concept of empathy is of recent intellectual heritage. Yet its history has been varied and colorful, a fact that is also mirrored in the multiplicity of definitions associated with the empathy concept in a number of different scientific and non-scientific discourses. In its philosophical heyday at the turn of the 19th to the...
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Kant's Aesthetics and Teleology
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-14 11:33)
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[Revised entry by Hannah Ginsborg on February 13, 2013.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Kant's views on aesthetics and teleology are given their fullest presentation in his Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft, also translated Critique of the Power of Judgment), published in 1790. This work is in two parts, preceded by a long introduction in which Kant explains and defends the work's importance in his critical system overall: in the first part,...
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Instrumental Rationality
from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(2013-2-14 9:51)
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[New Entry by Niko Kolodny and John Brunero on February 13, 2013.]
Someone displays instrumentally rationality insofar as she adopts suitable means to her ends. Instrumental rationality, by virtually any reckoning, is an important, and presumably indispensable, part of practical rationality. However, philosophers have been interested in it for further reasons. To take one example, it has been suggested that instrumental rationality, or some tendency toward it, is partly...
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